Gastric secretion

Purpose of review This review summarizes the past year's literature regarding the regulation and assessment of gastric acid secretion. Recent findings Gastric acid secretion is regulated by biologic agents produced and released by enteroendocrine cells and neurons as well as by exogenously administered substances and infection. Too much acid can lead to gastroesophageal reflux disease, peptic ulcer disease, and stress-related erosion/ulcer disease. Too little acid can interfere with the absorption of certain nutrients, predispose to enteric infection, and interfere with the absorption of some medications. Gastrin, histamine, gastrin-releasing peptide, ghrelin, orexin, and glucocorticoids stimulate whereas leptin, glucagon-like peptide 1, and Helicobacter pylori inhibit acid secretion. Helicobacter pylori inhibits the transcriptional activity of H+K+-ATPase, the proton pump of the parietal cell. Summary A better understanding of the pathways and mechanisms regulating gastric acid secretion should lead to improved management of patients with acid-induced disorders as well as those who secrete too little acid.

[1]  R. Jensen,et al.  A prospective study of gastric carcinoids and enterochromaffin-like cell changes in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: identification of risk factors. , 2008, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[2]  M. Manns,et al.  Localization, trafficking, and significance for acid secretion of parietal cell Kir4.1 and KCNQ1 K+ channels. , 2008, Gastroenterology.

[3]  Timothy C Wang,et al.  Gastrin-mediated interleukin-8 and cyclooxygenase-2 gene expression: differential transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms. , 2008, Gastroenterology.

[4]  K. Herzig,et al.  Functions of orexins in peripheral tissues , 2008, Acta physiologica.

[5]  B. Kulseng,et al.  Characterization of obestatin- and ghrelin-producing cells in the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas of rats: an immunohistochemical and electron-microscopic study , 2008, Cell and Tissue Research.

[6]  D. Powe,et al.  Cyclopamine inhibition of the sonic hedgehog pathway in the stomach requires concomitant acid inhibition , 2008, Regulatory Peptides.

[7]  K. Kangawa,et al.  The autonomic nervous system regulates gastric ghrelin secretion in rats , 2008, Regulatory Peptides.

[8]  F. Pacini,et al.  L-thyroxine requirement in patients with autoimmune hypothyroidism and parietal cell antibodies. , 2008, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[9]  A. Saha,et al.  Helicobacter pylori-induced H,K-ATPase alpha-subunit gene repression is mediated by NF-kappaB p50 homodimer promoter binding. , 2008, American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology.

[10]  M. Kojima.  The discovery of ghrelin — A personal memory , 2008, Regulatory Peptides.

[11]  B. Maigret,et al.  Insights into the binding and activation sites of the receptors for cholecystokinin and gastrin , 2008, Regulatory Peptides.

[12]  G. Qvigstad,et al.  Serum gastrin and chromogranin A levels in patients with fundic gland polyps caused by long-term proton-pump inhibition , 2008, Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology.

[13]  P. Liao,et al.  Epidermal growth factor increases the interaction between nucleolin and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K/poly(C) binding protein 1 complex to regulate the gastrin mRNA turnover. , 2007, Molecular biology of the cell.

[14]  F. Schmitz,et al.  The CCK-2/gastrin splice variant receptor retaining intron 4 transactivates the COX-2 promoter in vitro , 2007, Regulatory Peptides.

[15]  T. Brzozowski,et al.  Transcriptional upregulation of gastrin in response to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonist triggers cell survival pathways. , 2007, Journal of physiology and pharmacology : an official journal of the Polish Physiological Society.

[16]  J. Merchant,et al.  Reduced Pepsin A Processing of Sonic Hedgehog in Parietal Cells Precedes Gastric Atrophy and Transformation* , 2007, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[17]  S. Watson,et al.  Role of gastrin peptides in carcinogenesis. , 2007, Cancer letters.

[18]  M. Rugge,et al.  Clinical usefulness of gastric-juice analysis in 2007: the stone that the builders rejected has become the cornerstone. , 2007, Gastrointestinal endoscopy.

[19]  G. Cevenini,et al.  Serum ghrelin as a marker of atrophic body gastritis in patients with parietal cell antibodies. , 2007, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[20]  S. Kanai,et al.  Decreased hydrogen-potassium-activated ATPase (H+-K+-ATPase) expression and gastric acid secretory capacity in aged mice. , 2007, Archives of gerontology and geriatrics.

[21]  G. Baldwin,et al.  Beta-catenin/Tcf-4 inhibition after progastrin targeting reduces growth and drives differentiation of intestinal tumors. , 2007, Gastroenterology.

[22]  U. Pagotto,et al.  Plasma acylated ghrelin levels are higher in patients with chronic atrophic gastritis , 2007, Clinical endocrinology.

[23]  G. Klöppel,et al.  Endocrine Precursor Lesions of Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors , 2007, Endocrine pathology.

[24]  J. Black,et al.  A comparison of the effects of gastrin, somatostatin and dopamine receptor ligands on rat gastric enterochromaffin-like cell secretion and proliferation , 2007, Regulatory Peptides.

[25]  G. Baldwin,et al.  Phylogenetic analysis of the sequences of gastrin-releasing peptide and its receptors: Biological implications , 2007, Regulatory Peptides.

[26]  G. Sachs,et al.  Fasting-induced changes in ECL cell gene expression. , 2007, Physiological genomics.

[27]  R. Warth,et al.  No potassium, no acid: K+ channels and gastric acid secretion. , 2007, Physiology.

[28]  F. Casanueva,et al.  Growth hormone and somatostatin directly inhibit gastric ghrelin secretion. An in vitro organ culture system , 2007, Journal of endocrinological investigation.

[29]  J. Holst.  The physiology of glucagon-like peptide 1. , 2007, Physiological reviews.

[30]  M. Bendayan,et al.  Transcytosis of gastric leptin through the rat duodenal mucosa. , 2007, American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology.

[31]  E. Marco,et al.  Mechanism of Activation of a G Protein-coupled Receptor, the Human Cholecystokinin-2 Receptor* , 2007, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[32]  P. Norlén,et al.  Tachyphylaxis of the ECL‐cell response to PACAP: receptor desensitization and/or depletion of secretory products , 2007, British journal of pharmacology.

[33]  B. Hirschowitz,et al.  Chromogranin A in patients with acid hypersecretion and/or hypergastrinaemia , 2007, Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics.

[34]  J. G. Forte,et al.  Modulatory role of phosphoinositide 3-kinase in gastric acid secretion. , 2007, American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology.

[35]  G. Klöppel,et al.  Endocrine Precursor Lesions and Microadenomas of the Duodenum and Pancreas with and without MEN1: Criteria, Molecular Concepts and Clinical Significance , 2007, Pathobiology.

[36]  R. Schniepp,et al.  PI3 Kinase Dependent Stimulation of Gastric Acid Secretion by Dexamethasone , 2007, Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry.

[37]  F. Artunc,et al.  Role of the serum and glucocorticoid inducible kinase SGK1 in glucocorticoid stimulation of gastric acid secretion , 2007, Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology.

[38]  R. Peek,et al.  Helicobacter and gastrin stimulate Reg1 expression in gastric epithelial cells through distinct promoter elements. , 2007, American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology.

[39]  A. Varró,et al.  Attack and defence in the gastric epithelium – a delicate balance , 2007, Experimental physiology.

[40]  M. F. Sönmez,et al.  Determination of ghrelin immunoreactivity in the rat stomach after fasting and refeeding. , 2007, Acta histochemica.

[41]  K. Kangawa,et al.  Glucagon receptor expression and glucagon stimulation of ghrelin secretion in rat stomach. , 2007, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[42]  R. Pezzilli,et al.  Chromogranin A: is it a useful marker of neuroendocrine tumors? , 2007, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[43]  J. Rehfeld,et al.  Characteristics of gastrin controlled ECL cell specific gene expression , 2007, Regulatory Peptides.

[44]  L. Orlando,et al.  Chronic Hypergastrinemia: Causes and Consequences , 2007, Digestive Diseases and Sciences.

[45]  S. Muallem,et al.  SLC26A7 Can function as a chloride-loading mechanism in parietal cells , 2007, Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology.

[46]  K. Munson.  Analysis of the Gastric H,K ATPase for Ion pathways and Inhibitor Binding Sites , 2007, Biochemistry.

[47]  K. Bodger,et al.  Increased gastric expression of MMP-7 in hypergastrinemia and significance for epithelial-mesenchymal signaling. , 2007, American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology.

[48]  E. Hahn,et al.  Role of histamine in ghrelin-induced gastroprotection against acute gastric lesions , 2007, Inflammation Research.

[49]  G. Sachs,et al.  Systematic expression profiling of the gastric H+/K+ ATPase in human tissue , 2007, Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology.

[50]  K. Takayama,et al.  Histamine Mediates the Stimulatory Action of Ghrelin on Acid Secretion in Rat Stomach , 2006, Digestive Diseases and Sciences.

[51]  P. Hellström,et al.  Stimulatory effect of endogenous orexin A on gastric emptying and acid secretion independent of gastrin , 2005, Regulatory Peptides.

[52]  P. J. Larsen,et al.  Glucagon-related peptide 1 (GLP-1): hormone and neurotransmitter , 2005, Regulatory Peptides.

[53]  T. Gustafsson,et al.  Inhibitory effect of exogenous orexin a on gastric emptying, plasma leptin, and the distribution of orexin and orexin receptors in the gut and pancreas in man. , 2005, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[54]  C. D. D. L. Cour,et al.  A-like cells in the rat stomach contain ghrelin and do not operate under gastrin control , 2001, Regulatory Peptides.

[55]  R. Jensen,et al.  Mammalian Bombesin Receptors : Nomenclature , Distribution , Pharmacology , Signaling , and Functions in Normal and Disease States , 2008 .

[56]  E. Lee,et al.  Proton Pump Inhibitors , 2008, Clinical pharmacokinetics.

[57]  L. V. Van Gaal,et al.  Autoimmune gastritis in type 1 diabetes: a clinically oriented review. , 2008, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[58]  G. Sachs,et al.  Molecular mechanisms in therapy of acid-related diseases , 2007, Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences.