Some critical reflections on being critical: Reading for deviance, dominance or difference?

One of the most exciting aspects of the papers gathered together in ‘Cities for People, Not for Profit’ was the over‐arching desire to articulate a renewed vision for critical urban theory (see City 13(2/3), especially Brenner et al. (2009), Marcuse (2009) and Brenner (2009)). Across the collection, a distinction is drawn between an emancipatory ‘critical’ urban theory and ‘mainstream’ approaches to the city which naturalise existing forms of injustice. In this piece I offer some brief reflections on a couple of the key elements of this critical/mainstream distinction. I argue that critical urban theory offers a crucial corrective to mainstream approaches to social conflict, which tend to see difference from the ‘mainstream’ as deviance. But in order to offer a politically potent alternative to the mainstream, critical urban theory must do more than identify and critique those forms of domination and injustice perpetrated in the name of the ‘mainstream’. For in the end, reading the city only for dominance risks having the same political effect as mainstream analyses which read the city for deviance—both approaches tend to naturalise forms of domination which must be transformed and to obscure important forms of difference which can point the way to radical alternatives. Not only must we avoid reading difference as deviance, we must also find ways to identify, nurture and participate in ongoing collective efforts to make different and more just kinds of cities through the practice of critical urban theory. In developing this argument, I draw some of the contributions from ‘Cities for People, Not for Profit’ into dialogue with some of the contributions to City’s recent feature on ‘Graffiti, Street Art and the City’ (City 14(1/2) (see Figures 1 and 2).

[1]  M. Mayer The ‘Right to the City’ in the context of shifting mottos of urban social movements , 2009 .

[2]  M. Halsey,et al.  The game of fame: Mural, graffiti, erasure , 2010 .

[3]  R. Fincher,et al.  Planning and Diversity in the City: Redistribution, Recognition and Encounter , 2008 .

[4]  K. Rankin Critical development studies and the praxis of planning , 2009 .

[5]  Kurt Iveson The wars on graffiti and the new military urbanism , 2010 .

[6]  A. Latham Urban Outcasts: A comparative sociology of advanced marginality , 2008 .

[7]  Andrew Kirby,et al.  The urban question , 1996 .

[8]  Marxism And The City , 1992 .

[9]  S. Graham Cities as Battlespace: The New Military Urbanism , 2009 .

[10]  M. Castells The City and Grassroots , 1983 .

[11]  J. Gibson‐Graham Diverse economies: performative practices for `other worlds' , 2008 .

[12]  P. Marcuse From critical urban theory to the right to the city , 2009 .

[13]  Julie Graham,et al.  An Economic Ethics for the Anthropocene , 2012 .

[14]  Stuart Lowe The City and the Grassroots , 1986 .

[15]  R. Weide,et al.  Spot theory , 2010 .

[16]  N. Brenner,et al.  Cities for people, not for profit , 2009 .

[17]  Jacques Rancière,et al.  Ecotourism, NGOS and Development , 2007 .

[18]  N. Brenner What is critical urban theory? , 2009 .

[19]  Joe Austin More to see than a canvas in a white cube: For an art in the streets , 2010 .

[20]  K. Goonewardena Urban studies, critical theory, radical politics: Eight theses for Peter Marcuse , 2009 .