La bioremédiation in situ des parcs conchylicoles par les éponges marines est-elle envisageable ? (Is bioremediation of shellfish farms by marine sponges possible ?)

La preservation de la qualite des eaux marines et la lutte contre les pollutions liees a l'activite humaine sont devenues des enjeux mondiaux. De nombreux contaminants biologiques et polluants chimiques se retrouvent dans l’eau de mer, par consequent dans les produits aquacoles. Ce contexte fait qu’aujourd’hui, les professionnels de la mer sont a la recherche de solutions pour preserver voire ameliorer la qualite de leurs eaux. Au sein de notre biodiversite, les eponges marines sont des animaux capables de filtrer 10 000 fois leur volume en eau par jour et de retenir 80% des particules en suspension comme la matiere organique, les mineraux, les bacteries et les virus. Par la meme occasion, elles accumulent certains elements traces metalliques comme le plomb, le cadmium ou le cuivre. En collaboration avec le Comite Regional de Conchyliculture de Bretagne Sud, le projet REMEDBIO dans lequel s’inscrit cette these se propose d'exploiter le potentiel de filtration des eponges marines du littoral breton. Les objectifs sont de controler le developpement de bacteries pathogenes et de reduire la presence de polluants chimiques. L’eponge marine Hymeniacidon perlevis (Demospongiae) a ete choisie comme modele pour cette etude. Apres avoir mis en evidence la faisabilite de la culture d’eponges marines sur l’estran, notre travail a montre, lors d’essais in vitro, une diminution de la contamination des huitres par deux bacteries, Escherichia coli et Vibrio aestuarianus, et par le plomb, un element trace metallique, en presence d’eponges. La derniere phase de ce travail a consiste a valoriser les resultats obtenus. Le projet d’entreprise LECOMER a debute par le concours START’UBS (laureat) propose par l’Universite de Bretagne Sud en 2014. Par la suite, LECOMER a ete elu laureat des Trophees de l’Innovation du Morbihan 2014.

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