Prostate cancer: another aspect of the insulin‐resistance syndrome?

Insulin resistance and compensatory hyperinsulinaemia are thoughtto be the underlying factors in the metabolic or insulin‐resistancesyndrome and can be controlled by diet and exercise. Hyperinsulinaemiahas been shown to have a direct effect on the liver, suppressingthe production of sex hormone‐binding globulin (SHBG) and insulin‐likegrowth factor‐binding proteins 1 and 2 (IGFBP‐1, ‐2) while stimulatingthe production of insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF‐1). These factorshave been proposed to be important modulators of hormone‐related cancers,such as prostate cancer. Men adopting a low‐fat diet and daily exercise reducedtheir levels of serum insulin and IGF‐1, while increasing theirlevels of IGFBP‐1 and sex hormone‐binding globulin (SHBG). Cell‐culturestudies with LNCaP prostate cancer cells showed apoptosis of tumourcells and a reduction in serum‐stimulated cell growth in the postdiet and exercise serum. These results suggest that prostate cancermay be another aspect of the insulin‐resistance syndrome and thatadopting a low‐fat diet combined with regular exercise may reducethe risk for prostate and other hormone‐related cancers. This needsto be tested with prospective studies.

[1]  W. Aronson,et al.  Effect of diet and exercise on serum insulin, IGF-I, and IGFBP-1 levels and growth of LNCaP cells in vitro (United States) , 2002, Cancer Causes & Control.

[2]  F. Mora,et al.  Growth hormone and aging. , 2003, Homo : internationale Zeitschrift fur die vergleichende Forschung am Menschen.

[3]  D. Leroith,et al.  Insulin-like Growth Factor I Induces MDM2-dependent Degradation of p53 via the p38 MAPK Pathway in Response to DNA Damage* , 2002, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[4]  L. Hennighausen,et al.  Circulating insulin-like growth factor-I levels regulate colon cancer growth and metastasis. , 2002, Cancer research.

[5]  M. Quon,et al.  Inhibition of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Enhances Mitogenic Actions of Insulin in Endothelial Cells* , 2002, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[6]  W. Aronson,et al.  Role of Testosterone, Estradiol, and Insulin in Diet- and Exercise-Induced Reductions in Serum-Stimulated Prostate Cancer Cell Growth In Vitro , 2002, Nutrition and cancer.

[7]  R. Stock,et al.  Increased serum insulin associated with increased risk of prostate cancer recurrence , 2002, The Prostate.

[8]  W. Ricart,et al.  No decrease in free IGF-I with increasing insulin in obesity-related insulin resistance. , 2001, Obesity research.

[9]  W. Aronson,et al.  Evidence of an inhibitory effect of diet and exercise on prostate cancer cell growth. , 2001, The Journal of urology.

[10]  A. Furberg,et al.  Physical activity and cancer risk: dose-response and cancer, all sites and site-specific. , 2001, Medicine and science in sports and exercise.

[11]  S. Chua,et al.  Prostate cancer risk and serum levels of insulin and leptin: a population-based study. , 2001, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[12]  T. Fears,et al.  Insulin-like growth factors and prostate cancer: a population-based case-control study in China. , 2001, Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology.

[13]  N. Vaziri,et al.  Reversibility of Chronic Experimental Syndrome X by Diet Modification , 2001, Hypertension.

[14]  P. Carroll,et al.  Dietary trial in prostate cancer: Early experience and implications for clinical trial design. , 2001, Urology.

[15]  M. Thun,et al.  Body mass index, height, and prostate cancer mortality in two large cohorts of adult men in the United States. , 2001, Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology.

[16]  J. J. Chen,et al.  Does physical activity play a role in the prevention of prostate cancer? , 2001, Epidemiologic reviews.

[17]  E. Riboli,et al.  Plasma insulin-like growth factor-I, insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins, and prostate cancer risk: a prospective study. , 2000, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[18]  J. Benichou,et al.  Body size and prostate cancer: a population-based case-control study in China. , 2000, Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology.

[19]  E. Metter,et al.  Serum levels of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), IGF-II, IGF-binding protein-3, and prostate-specific antigen as predictors of clinical prostate cancer. , 2000, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[20]  T. Rohan,et al.  Role of the insulin-like growth factor family in cancer development and progression. , 2000, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[21]  J. Cerhan,et al.  Lifestyle and anthropometric risk factors for prostate cancer in a cohort of Iowa men. , 2000, Annals of epidemiology.

[22]  J. Frystyk,et al.  Circulating levels of free insulin‐like growth factors in obese subjects: the impact of Type 2 diabetes , 1999, Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews.

[23]  K. Griffiths,et al.  Diet and Its Preventive Role in Prostatic Disease , 1999, European Urology.

[24]  K. Carroll,et al.  Specific versus non-specific effects of dietary fat on carcinogenesis. , 1999, Progress in lipid research.

[25]  M. Stampfer,et al.  Plasma insulin-like growth factor-I and prostate cancer risk: a prospective study. , 1998, Science.

[26]  C. Mantzoros,et al.  Insulin-like growth factor 1 and prostate cancer risk: a population-based, case-control study. , 1998, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[27]  C. Roberts,et al.  Diet-induced insulin resistance precedes other aspects of the metabolic syndrome. , 1998, Journal of applied physiology.

[28]  Meir J. Stampfer,et al.  Plasma Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I and Prostate Cancer Risk: A Prospective Study , 1998 .

[29]  W. Aronson,et al.  Effects of diet and exercise on insulin, sex hormone-binding globulin, and prostate-specific antigen. , 1998, Nutrition and cancer.

[30]  J. French,et al.  Dietary restriction reduces insulin-like growth factor I levels, which modulates apoptosis, cell proliferation, and tumor progression in p53-deficient mice. , 1997, Cancer research.

[31]  E. Rimm,et al.  Height, body weight, and risk of prostate cancer. , 1997, Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology.

[32]  Y. Song,et al.  Effect of obesity on total and free insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, and their relationship to IGF-binding protein (BP)-1, IGFBP-2, IGFBP-3, insulin, and growth hormone , 1997, International Journal of Obesity.

[33]  A. Wolk,et al.  Prospective study of sex hormone levels and risk of prostate cancer. , 1997, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[34]  C. Mantzoros,et al.  Insulin-like growth factor 1 in relation to prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia. , 1997, British Journal of Cancer.

[35]  A. Tchernof,et al.  Obesity and metabolic complications: contribution of dehydroepiandrosterone and other steroid hormones. , 1996, The Journal of endocrinology.

[36]  M. Stampfer,et al.  Prospective study of sex hormone levels and risk of prostate cancer. , 1996, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[37]  K. Tsuchihashi,et al.  Acute and chronic regulation of serum sex hormone-binding globulin levels by plasma insulin concentrations in male noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients. , 1996, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[38]  E. Thorling.  Obesity, fat intake, energy balance, exercise and cancer risk a review , 1996 .

[39]  H. Thaler,et al.  Decreased growth of established human prostate LNCaP tumors in nude mice fed a low-fat diet. , 1995, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[40]  G. Carruba,et al.  Growth of LNCaP human prostate cancer cells is stimulated by estradiol via its own receptor. , 1995, Endocrinology.

[41]  J. Després,et al.  Reduced testosterone and adrenal C19 steroid levels in obese men. , 1995, Metabolism: clinical and experimental.

[42]  R. Pasquali,et al.  Insulin regulates testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin concentrations in adult normal weight and obese men. , 1995, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[43]  Barnard Rj,et al.  Exercise and diet in the prevention and control of the metabolic syndrome. , 1994 .

[44]  X. Pi-Sunyer,et al.  The relationship between serum levels of insulin and sex hormone-binding globulin in men: the effect of weight loss. , 1994, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[45]  J. Ketelslegers,et al.  Nutritional regulation of the insulin-like growth factors. , 1994, Endocrine reviews.

[46]  R. Barnard,et al.  Exercise and Diet in the Prevention and Control of the Metabolic Syndrome , 1994, Sports medicine.

[47]  R. Barnard,et al.  Effects of a high-fat, sucrose diet on serum insulin and related atherosclerotic risk factors in rats. , 1993, Atherosclerosis.

[48]  S. Haffner,et al.  Prospective analysis of the insulin-resistance syndrome (syndrome X). , 1992, Diabetes.

[49]  R. Barnard,et al.  Role of diet and exercise in the management of hyperinsulinemia and associated atherosclerotic risk factors. , 1992, The American journal of cardiology.

[50]  R. DeFronzo,et al.  Insulin Resistance: A Multifaceted Syndrome Responsible for NIDDM, Obesity, Hypertension, Dyslipidemia, and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease , 1991, Diabetes Care.

[51]  C. Polychronakos,et al.  Mitogenic effects of insulin and insulin‐like growth factors on PA‐III rat prostate adenocarcinoma cells: Characterization of the receptors involved , 1991, The Prostate.

[52]  S. Plymate,et al.  Regulation of sex hormone-binding globulin production by growth factors. , 1990, Metabolism: clinical and experimental.

[53]  N. Kaplan.  The deadly quartet. Upper-body obesity, glucose intolerance, hypertriglyceridemia, and hypertension. , 1989, Archives of internal medicine.

[54]  G. Reaven.  Role of Insulin Resistance in Human Disease , 1988, Diabetes.

[55]  G. Reaven.  Banting lecture 1988. Role of insulin resistance in human disease. , 1988, Diabetes.

[56]  Robert E. Jones,et al.  Inhibition of sex hormone-binding globulin production in the human hepatoma (Hep G2) cell line by insulin and prolactin. , 1988, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[57]  W. Richmond,et al.  Dietary lipids: an additional regulator of plasma levels of sex hormone binding globulin. , 1987, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[58]  R. Barnard,et al.  Effects of a high-complex-carbohydrate, low-fat, low-cholesterol diet on levels of serum lipids and estradiol. , 1985, The American journal of medicine.

[59]  C. Kahn,et al.  Non-parallel evolution of metabolic and growth-promoting functions of insulin , 1981, Nature.

[60]  David C. Anderson,et al.  SEX‐HORMONE‐BINDING GLOBULIN , 1974, Clinical endocrinology.