Energy Harvesting for Autonomous Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor nodes (WSNs) are employed today in many different application areas, ranging from health and lifestyle to automotive, smart building, predictive maintenance (e.g., of machines and infrastructure), and active RFID tags. Currently these devices have limited lifetimes, however, since they require significant operating power. The typical power requirements of some current portable devices, including a body sensor network, are shown in Figure 1.

[1]  G. J. Snyder,et al.  Complex thermoelectric materials. , 2008, Nature materials.

[2]  Drew Gislason,et al.  Zigbee Wireless Networking , 2008 .

[3]  V. Leonov,et al.  Thermal matching of a thermoelectric energy scavenger with the ambience , 2007 .

[4]  Refet Firat Yazicioglu,et al.  Wireless body-powered electrocardiography shirt , 2009 .

[5]  Cronin B. Vining,et al.  ZT ~ 3.5: Fifteen Years of Progress and Things to Come , 2007 .

[6]  J. Nurnus,et al.  New high density micro structured thermogenerators for stand alone sensor systems , 2007, 2007 26th International Conference on Thermoelectrics.

[7]  C. Van Hoof,et al.  Human++: From technology to emerging health monitoring concepts , 2008, 2008 5th International Summer School and Symposium on Medical Devices and Biosensors.

[8]  Jeongmin Jeon,et al.  A UHF CMOS Transceiver Front-end with a Resonant TR Switch , 2007, 2007 IEEE Radio and Wireless Symposium.

[9]  C. Van Hoof,et al.  Thermoelectric MEMS generators as a power supply for a body area network , 2005, The 13th International Conference on Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems, 2005. Digest of Technical Papers. TRANSDUCERS '05..

[10]  J.A.C. Theeuwes,et al.  Ambient RF Energy Scavenging: GSM and WLAN Power Density Measurements , 2008, 2008 38th European Microwave Conference.

[11]  David E. Culler,et al.  Transmission of IPv6 Packets over IEEE 802.15.4 Networks , 2007, RFC.

[12]  Julien Penders,et al.  Body area network for monitoring autonomic nervous system responses , 2009, 2009 3rd International Conference on Pervasive Computing Technologies for Healthcare.

[13]  Karlson Hargroves,et al.  Smart approaches to electricity use , 2007 .

[14]  Julien Penders,et al.  The Design and Analysis of a Real-Time, Continuous Arousal Monitor , 2009, 2009 Sixth International Workshop on Wearable and Implantable Body Sensor Networks.

[15]  C. Van Hoof,et al.  Comparative modelling for vibration scavengers [MEMS energy scavengers] , 2004, Proceedings of IEEE Sensors, 2004..

[16]  T. Seki,et al.  Batteryless Accelerometer Using Power Feeding System of RFID , 2006, 2006 SICE-ICASE International Joint Conference.

[17]  Skandar Basrour,et al.  Integrated power harvesting system including a MEMS generator and a power management circuit , 2008 .

[18]  P. Fiorini,et al.  Scavenging energy from human body: design of a piezoelectric transducer , 2005, The 13th International Conference on Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems, 2005. Digest of Technical Papers. TRANSDUCERS '05..

[19]  Julian F. Randall,et al.  Designing Indoor Solar Products: Photovoltaic Technologies for AES , 2005 .

[20]  M. Green.  Third generation photovoltaics : advanced solar energy conversion , 2006 .

[21]  T.C. Green,et al.  Architectures for vibration-driven micropower generators , 2004, Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems.

[22]  Refet Firat Yazicioglu,et al.  Wearable battery-free wireless 2-channel EEG systems powerd by energy scavengers , 2008 .

[23]  Refet Firat Yazicioglu,et al.  A 60 $\mu$W 60 nV/$\surd$Hz Readout Front-End for Portable Biopotential Acquisition Systems , 2007, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits.

[24]  Julien Penders,et al.  Semantic Wireless Body Area Networks , 2008, 2008 30th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society.

[25]  G. Wachutka,et al.  Micromachined CMOS thermoelectric generators as on-chip power supply , 2003, TRANSDUCERS '03. 12th International Conference on Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems. Digest of Technical Papers (Cat. No.03TH8664).

[26]  Noel C. MacDonald,et al.  Capacitance based tunable resonators , 1998 .

[27]  R. Matthews,et al.  A Wearable Physiological Sensor Suite for Unobtrusive Monitoring of Physiological and Cognitive State , 2007, 2007 29th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society.

[28]  L.M. Reindl,et al.  Harvesting Low Ambient RF-Sources for Autonomous Measurement Systems , 2008, 2008 IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference.

[29]  Y. V. Andel,et al.  Vibration energy harvesting with aluminum nitride-based piezoelectric devices , 2009 .

[30]  C. Van Hoof,et al.  Body-Heat Powered Autonomous Pulse Oximeter , 2006, 2006 5th IEEE Conference on Sensors.

[31]  Hubregt J. Visser,et al.  Array and Phased Array Antenna Basics , 2005 .

[32]  Tuna Balkan,et al.  An electromagnetic micro power generator for wideband environmental vibrations , 2008 .

[33]  Kristofer S. J. Pister,et al.  SoC Issues for RF Smart Dust , 2006, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[34]  Timothy C. Green,et al.  Energy Harvesting From Human and Machine Motion for Wireless Electronic Devices , 2008, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[35]  R. Puers,et al.  An electret-based electrostatic /spl mu/-generator , 2003, TRANSDUCERS '03. 12th International Conference on Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems. Digest of Technical Papers (Cat. No.03TH8664).

[36]  Hubregt J. Visser,et al.  Array and Phased Array Antenna Basics: Visser/Array and Phased Array Antenna Basics , 2006 .

[37]  Joshua R. Smith,et al.  Experimental results with two wireless power transfer systems , 2009, 2009 IEEE Radio and Wireless Symposium.

[38]  Ruud Vullers,et al.  RF HARVESTING USING ANTENNA STRUCTURES ON FOIL , 2008 .

[39]  Yiannos Manoli,et al.  Non-resonant vibration conversion , 2006 .

[40]  Refet Firat Yazicioglu,et al.  Wearable self-powered wireless devices with thermoelectric energy scavengers , 2008 .

[41]  T. Torfs,et al.  Wireless Body Area Network for Sleep Staging , 2007, 2007 IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference.

[42]  Vladimir Leonov,et al.  Pulse Oximeter Fully Powered by Human Body Heat , 2007 .

[43]  Guo-Hua Feng,et al.  Development of wide frequency range-operated micromachined piezoelectric generators based on figure-of-merit analysis , 2008 .

[44]  T. Torfs,et al.  Small-size BiTe Thermopiles and a Thermoelectric Generator for Wearable Sensor Nodes , 2007 .