Disordered Gambling Among Racial and Ethnic Groups in the US: Results From the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions

ABSTRACT Introduction: Prior research suggests that racial minority groups in the United States are more vulnerable to develop a gambling disorder than whites. However, no national survey on gambling disorders exists that has focused on ethnic differences. Methods: Analyses of this study were based on the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions, a large (N=43,093) nationally representative survey of the adult (≥18 years of age) population residing in house-holds during 2001–2002 period. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition-Text Revision diagnoses of pathological gambling, mood, anxiety, drug use, and personality disorders were based on the Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule-DSM-IVVersion. Results: Prevalence rates of disordered gambling among blacks (2.2%) and Native/Asian Americans (2.3%) were higher than that of whites (1.2%). Demographic characteristics and psychiatric comorbidity differed among Hispanic, black, and white disordered gamblers. However, all racial and ethnic groups evidenced similarities with respect to symptom patterns, time course, and treatment seeking for pathological gambling. Conclusion: The prevalence of disordered gambling, but not its onset or course of symptoms, varies by racial and ethnic group. These varying prevalence rates may reflect, at least in part, cultural differences in gambling and its acceptability and accessibility. These data may inform the need for targeted prevention strategies for high-risk racial and ethnic groups.

[1]  D. Hasin,et al.  Alcohol dependence and abuse diagnoses: concurrent validity in a nationally representative sample. , 1999, Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research.

[2]  B. Grant,et al.  Reliability of the Romanian Version of the Alcohol Module of the WHO Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities: Interview Schedule – Alcohol/Drug-Revised , 1998, European Addiction Research.

[3]  B. Grant,et al.  The alcohol use disorder and associated disabilities interview schedule (AUDADIS): reliability of alcohol and drug modules in a clinical sample. , 1997, Drug and alcohol dependence.

[4]  J. Derevensky,et al.  Underlying cognitions in the selection of lottery tickets. , 2001, Journal of clinical psychology.

[5]  B. Grant,et al.  Prevalence, correlates, and comorbidity of bipolar I disorder and axis I and II disorders: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. , 2005, The Journal of clinical psychiatry.

[6]  P. Maciejewski,et al.  Psychiatric correlates of gambling in adolescents and young adults grouped by age at gambling onset. , 2004, Archives of general psychiatry.

[7]  A. Tversky,et al.  Prospect theory: an analysis of decision under risk — Source link , 2007 .

[8]  B. Grant,et al.  The epidemiology of DSM-IV specific phobia in the USA: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions , 2007, Psychological Medicine.

[9]  Suck-Won Kim,et al.  Gender differences in pathological gamblers seeking medication treatment. , 2002, Comprehensive psychiatry.

[10]  Ting-kai Li,et al.  Impact of age at first drink on stress-reactive drinking. , 2007, Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research.

[11]  T. Oei,et al.  Pathological gambling. A comprehensive review. , 2002, Clinical psychology review.

[12]  R. Kessler,et al.  Prevalence and demographic correlates of symptoms of last year dependence on alcohol, nicotine, marijuana and cocaine in the U.S. population. , 1997, Drug and alcohol dependence.

[13]  N Sartorius,et al.  WHO Study on the reliability and validity of the alcohol and drug use disorder instruments: overview of methods and results. , 1997, Drug and alcohol dependence.

[14]  B. Grant,et al.  Concordance between ICD-10 alcohol and drug use disorder criteria and diagnoses as measured by the AUDADIS-ADR, CIDI and SCAN: results of a cross-national study. , 1997, Drug and alcohol dependence.

[15]  B. Grant,et al.  Nosological comparisons of alcohol and drug diagnoses: a multisite, multi-instrument international study. , 1997, Drug and alcohol dependence.

[16]  Barbara Gandek,et al.  Sf-12v2 How to score version 2 of the sf-12 health survey. Quality Metric Incorporated , 2002 .

[17]  M. Zimmerman.  Diagnosing personality disorders. A review of issues and research methods. , 1994, Archives of general psychiatry.

[18]  Alan Agresti,et al.  Categorical Data Analysis , 2003 .

[19]  B. Grant,et al.  DSM-IV alcohol dependence: a categorical or dimensional phenotype? , 2006, Psychological Medicine.

[20]  Margo J. Anderson,et al.  The Census , 1921, The Hospital.

[21]  M. Gillmore,et al.  Ethnic differences in family factors related to early drug initiation. , 1992, Journal of studies on alcohol.

[22]  J. Endicott,et al.  Differentiating DSM-IV alcohol dependence and abuse by course: community heavy drinkers. , 1997, Journal of substance abuse.

[23]  Jennifer A. Pellowski,et al.  The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism , 1995, Alcohol health and research world.

[24]  E. Spitznagel,et al.  Racial/Ethnic Variation in the Reliability of DSM-IV Pathological Gambling Disorder , 2007, The Journal of nervous and mental disease.

[25]  B. Grant,et al.  Factor structures for DSM-IV substance disorder criteria endorsed by alcohol, cannabis, cocaine and opiate users: results from the WHO reliability and validity study. , 1999, Addiction.

[26]  W. Compton,et al.  Taking chances: problem gamblers and mental health disorders--results from the St. Louis Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study. , 1998, American journal of public health.

[27]  R. Caetano,et al.  DSM-IV alcohol dependence and drug abuse/dependence in a treatment sample of whites, blacks and Mexican Americans. , 1996, Drug and alcohol dependence.

[28]  B. Grant,et al.  Prevalence, correlates, and disability of personality disorders in the United States: results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. , 2004, The Journal of clinical psychiatry.

[29]  W. Berrettini,et al.  Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health Adhd Characteristics: I. Concurrent Co-morbidity Patterns in Children & Adolescents , 2008 .

[30]  C. Blanco,et al.  Gambling level and psychiatric and medical disorders in older adults: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. , 2007, The American journal of geriatric psychiatry : official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry.

[31]  B. Grant,et al.  Prevalence, correlates, and comorbidity of DSM-IV antisocial personality syndromes and alcohol and specific drug use disorders in the United States: results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. , 2005, The Journal of clinical psychiatry.

[32]  A. Tversky,et al.  Prospect Theory : An Analysis of Decision under Risk Author ( s ) : , 2007 .

[33]  B. Grant,et al.  The epidemiology of DSM-IV panic disorder and agoraphobia in the United States: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. , 2006, The Journal of clinical psychiatry.

[34]  C. Blanco,et al.  Gender differences in pathological gambling. , 2003, The Journal of clinical psychiatry.

[35]  I. Rose.  The future of Indian gaming , 1992, Journal of gambling studies.

[36]  D. Zitzow.  Comparative study of problematic gambling behaviors between American Indian and non-Indian adolescents within and near a Northern Plains reservation. , 1996, American Indian and Alaska native mental health research : journal of the National Center.

[37]  L. Kirmayer,et al.  Cultural variations in the clinical presentation of depression and anxiety: implications for diagnosis and treatment. , 2001, The Journal of clinical psychiatry.

[38]  B. Grant,et al.  Race/ethnic differences in the prevalence and co-occurrence of substance use disorders and independent mood and anxiety disorders: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions , 2006, Psychological Medicine.

[39]  J. Vander Bilt,et al.  Estimating the prevalence of disordered gambling behavior in the United States and Canada: a research synthesis. , 1999, American journal of public health.

[40]  R. Stinchfield.  Gambling and Correlates of Gambling Among Minnesota Public School Students , 2000, Journal of Gambling Studies.

[41]  B. Grant,et al.  Prevalence, correlates, co-morbidity, and comparative disability of DSM-IV generalized anxiety disorder in the USA: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions , 2005, Psychological Medicine.

[42]  J. Endicott,et al.  The natural history of alcohol abuse: implications for definitions of alcohol use disorders. , 1990, The American journal of psychiatry.

[43]  K. Bucholz,et al.  The validity of DSM-IV alcohol dependence: what do we know and what do we need to know? , 2003, Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research.

[44]  R. Poldrack,et al.  Prospect theory on the brain? Toward a cognitive neuroscience of decision under risk. , 2005, Brain research. Cognitive brain research.

[45]  N. Petry,et al.  Gender differences among pathological gamblers seeking treatment. , 2002, Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology.

[46]  R. Volberg,et al.  Gambling and problem gambling among indigenous peoples. , 1997, Substance use & misuse.

[47]  B. Grant,et al.  Validity of the bi-axial dependence concept: a test in the US general population. , 1994, Addiction.

[48]  R. Volberg,et al.  Prevalence and risks of pathological gambling in Sweden , 2001, Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica.

[49]  Bob Erens,et al.  SOGS and DSM-IV in the British Gambling Prevalence Survey: Reliability and Factor Structure , 2003 .

[50]  G. Barnes,et al.  Patterns and predictors of alcohol use among 7-12th grade students in New York State. , 1986, Journal of studies on alcohol.

[51]  B. Grant,et al.  The Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview schedule (AUDADIS): reliability of alcohol and drug modules in a general population sample. , 1995, Drug and alcohol dependence.

[52]  T. Oei,et al.  Role of culture in gambling and problem gambling. , 2004, Clinical psychology review.

[53]  J. Talbott,et al.  Prevalence and Co-occurrence of Substance Use Disorders and Independent Mood and Anxiety Disorders: Results From the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions , 2006 .

[54]  M. Gillmore,et al.  Racial differences in acceptability and availability of drugs and early initiation of substance use. , 1990, The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse.

[55]  S. Faraone,et al.  Is childhood oppositional defiant disorder a precursor to adolescent conduct disorder? Findings from a four-year follow-up study of children with ADHD. , 1996, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[56]  J. Westermeyer,et al.  Lifetime prevalence of pathological gambling among american Indian and Hispanic American Veterans. , 2005, American journal of public health.

[57]  J. Westermeyer,et al.  Gambling in Minnesota. , 1996, The American journal of psychiatry.

[58]  B. Grant,et al.  The Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule-IV (AUDADIS-IV): reliability of alcohol consumption, tobacco use, family history of depression and psychiatric diagnostic modules in a general population sample. , 2003, Drug and alcohol dependence.

[59]  B. Grant,et al.  Race-ethnicity and the prevalence and co-occurrence of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, alcohol and drug use disorders and Axis I and II disorders: United States, 2001 to 2002. , 2006, Comprehensive psychiatry.

[60]  R. Scribner.  Paradox as paradigm--the health outcomes of Mexican Americans. , 1996, American journal of public health.

[61]  N. Petry,et al.  Gambling participation and problems among South East Asian refugees to the United States. , 2003, Psychiatric services.

[62]  E. Walker,et al.  Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , 2013 .

[63]  J. Orford,et al.  Addiction as excessive appetite. , 2001, Addiction.

[64]  M. Hall,et al.  Título: Estimating the Prevalence of Disordered Gambling Behavior in the United States and Canada: A Meta-analysis , 1997 .

[65]  T. Mcguire,et al.  Rethinking a universal framework in the psychiatric symptom-disorder relationship. , 2003, Journal of health and social behavior.

[66]  D. Hodgins,et al.  Trusting problem gamblers: reliability and validity of self-reported gambling behavior. , 2003, Psychology of addictive behaviors : journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors.

[67]  B. Grant,et al.  The alcohol use disorder and associated disabilities interview schedule-IV (AUDADIS-IV): reliability of new psychiatric diagnostic modules and risk factors in a general population sample. , 2008, Drug and alcohol dependence.

[68]  N. el-Guebaly,et al.  Problem and Pathological Gambling in North American Aboriginal Populations: A Review of the Empirical Literature , 2004, Journal of Gambling Studies.

[69]  R. Findling,et al.  A Linguistic Analysis of In-Office Dialogue Among Psychiatrists, Parents, and Child and Adolescent Patients With ADHD , 2009, Journal of attention disorders.

[70]  P. Spicer,et al.  Prevalence of DSM-IV disorders and attendant help-seeking in 2 American Indian reservation populations. , 2005, Archives of general psychiatry.

[71]  B. Grant,et al.  Reliability of the alcohol and drug modules of the Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule--Alcohol/Drug-Revised (AUDADIS-ADR): an international comparison. , 1997, Drug and alcohol dependence.

[72]  Laurie A. Moore,et al.  The prevalence of DSM-III-R alcohol dependence in two American Indian populations. , 2003, Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research.

[73]  B. Grant,et al.  The association between stress and drinking: modifying effects of gender and vulnerability. , 2005, Alcohol and alcoholism.

[74]  S. Aguilar‐gaxiola,et al.  Illicit drug use among Mexicans and Mexican Americans in California: the effects of gender and acculturation. , 1998, Addiction.

[75]  B. Grant,et al.  Epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcoholism and Related Conditions. , 2005, Archives of general psychiatry.

[76]  Joseph Biederman,et al.  Functional impairments in adults with self-reports of diagnosed ADHD: A controlled study of 1001 adults in the community. , 2006, The Journal of clinical psychiatry.

[77]  A. Blaszczynski,et al.  Problem Gambling Within a Chinese Speaking Community , 2004, Journal of Gambling Studies.

[78]  Marie-Cecile O. Tidwell,et al.  Alcohol and gambling pathology among U.S. adults: prevalence, demographic patterns and comorbidity. , 2001, Journal of studies on alcohol.

[79]  R. Volberg,et al.  A hierarchy of gambling disorders in the community. , 2003, Addiction.

[80]  R. Volberg,et al.  The prevalence and demographics of pathological gamblers: implications for public health. , 1994, American journal of public health.

[81]  T. H. Holmes,et al.  The Social Readjustment Rating Scale. , 1967, Journal of psychosomatic research.

[82]  B. Grant,et al.  Concordance of DSM-IV alcohol and drug use disorder criteria and diagnoses as measured by AUDADIS-ADR, CIDI and SCAN. , 1997, Drug and alcohol dependence.

[83]  B. Grant,et al.  Co-occurrence of 12-month mood and anxiety disorders and personality disorders in the US: results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. , 2005, Journal of psychiatric research.

[84]  C. Blanco,et al.  The epidemiology of social anxiety disorder in the United States: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. , 2005, The Journal of clinical psychiatry.

[85]  G. Canino,et al.  The Spanish Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule (AUDADIS): reliability and concordance with clinical diagnoses in a Hispanic population. , 1999, Journal of studies on alcohol.

[86]  J. Yager,et al.  The reliability of the Social Readjustment Rating Scale: moderate and long-term stability. , 1978, Journal of psychosomatic research.

[87]  J. Derevensky,et al.  Parental influences and social modelling of youth lottery participation , 2003 .

[88]  L B Cottler,et al.  Substance dependence and other psychiatric disorders among drug dependent subjects: race and gender correlates. , 2000, The American journal on addictions.

[89]  B. Grant,et al.  Comorbidity of DSM-IV pathological gambling and other psychiatric disorders: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. , 2005, The Journal of clinical psychiatry.

[90]  D. Mroczek,et al.  The neglect of response bias in mental health research. , 2001, The Journal of nervous and mental disease.

[91]  W. Sribney,et al.  12-Month Prevalence of DSM-III-R Psychiatric Disorders Among Mexican Americans: Nativity, Social Assimilation, and Age Determinants , 2004, The Journal of nervous and mental disease.

[92]  R. Volberg,et al.  Comparing the New Zealand and Swedish National Surveys of Gambling and Problem Gambling , 2004, Journal of Gambling Studies.

[93]  C. Kahler,et al.  Evaluation of the continuum of gambling problems using the DSM-IV. , 2007, Addiction.

[94]  C. Blanco,et al.  Sex differences in subclinical and DSM-IV pathological gambling: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions , 2006, Psychological Medicine.

[95]  W R True,et al.  Common genetic vulnerability for pathological gambling and alcohol dependence in men. , 2000, Archives of general psychiatry.

[96]  J. Ware,et al.  A 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey: construction of scales and preliminary tests of reliability and validity. , 1996, Medical care.

[97]  D. Zitzow.  Comparative study of problematic gambling behaviors between American Indian and non-Indian adults in a Northern Plains reservation. , 1996, American Indian and Alaska native mental health research : journal of the National Center.