Morphology and surface structures of Maxwell Creek rock glaciers, St Elias mountains, Yukon: rheological implications

The dominant role of mass movement processes in the formation of south-west Yukon paraglacial landscapes is exemplified by a tributary of Maxwell Creek. Rock glaciers occur along most of the length of the mid-valley. Two large rock glaciers flowing from cirques on the east and west sides of the valley are confluent in the centre of the valley, and have a combined lobe extending 1 km downvalley. Morphological contrasts between the moraines and flow lobes of the east form, and the flow ridges of the west form, indicate different processes of movement at the surface. Sections in the surface deposits indicate movement of the mass of material in the lobes but demonstrate a combination of overriding and compression flow in the ridges. Near surface composition varies from large boulders with voids, to boulders with gravel and fines matrix and with the ice content varying from interstitial to massive infilling of the voids. Palaeosols sampled 1 m underneath overriding ridges were dated at 1480 and 660 a BP. The rock glaciers produced a combined central valley landform at the end of the Wisconsin. Neoglacial activity resulted only in confluence of the rock glaciers, without extension downvalley. The combination of the compressional and overriding ridges with the variability of the sediments and ice content is indicative of a complex surface rheology. Comparison with the ridges and lobes of rock glaciers in other valleys suggests that this surface variability is common on the rock glaciers of the southwest Yukon. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Un tributaire du Maxwell Creek dans le sud-ouest du Yukon permet de montrer le role dominant des mouvements de masse et specialement des glaciers rocheux, dans la formation des paysages paraglaciaires. Deux grands glaciers rocheux s'ecoulant depuis des cirques situes a l'est et a l'ouest de la vallee, confluent au centre de celle-ci, et forment un seul lobe qui s'etend sur 1 km. Les contrastes morphologiques qui existent entre la forme orientale, et la forme occidentale indiquent des mouvements differents a la surface. Des coupes dans les depots etablissent l'existence de mouvements dans la masse de materiaux des lobes, mais demontrent une combinaison d'ecoulements par compression et de masses chevauchantes dans les rides. Pres de la surface, la composition varie depuis des gros blocs sans matrice jusqu'a des gros blocs entoures de graviers et de materiaux fins. La glace contenue dans ces glaciers rocheux comprend de la glace interstitielle comme des remplissages massifs. Des paleosols echantillonnes 1 m sous les rides chevauchantes ont ete dates de 1480 et 660 ans BP. Les glaciers rocheux ont produit une forme centrale dans l'axe de la vallee a la fin du Wisconsinien. L'activite neoglaciaire a seulement provoque la confluence des glaciers rocheux sans qu'ils se prolongent vers l'aval de la vallee. La variabilite des sediments et du contenu en glace, ainsi que la combinaison des rides de compression et de masses chevauchantes, indiquent une rheologie de surface complexe. La comparaison avec les rides et les lobes des glaciers rocheux dans d'autres vallees suggere que cette variabilite de surface est commune a tous les glaciers rocheux du sudouest du Yukon. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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