How to not induce SNAs: The insufficiency of directional force

People respond faster to smaller numbers in their left space and to larger numbers in their right space. Here we argue that movements in space contribute to the formation of spatial-numerical associations (SNAs). We studied the impact of continuous isometric forces along the horizontal or vertical cardinal axes on SNAs while participants performed random number production and arithmetic verification tasks. Our results suggest that such isometric directional force do not suffice to induce SNAs.

[1]  Mark E. Whiting,et al.  Beyond Playing 20 Questions with Nature: Integrative Experiment Design in the Social and Behavioral Sciences. , 2022, The Behavioral and brain sciences.

[2]  M. H. Fischer,et al.  Spatial-numerical associations without a motor response? Grip force says 'Yes'. , 2022, Acta psychologica.

[3]  M. H. Fischer,et al.  Abstract concepts: external influences, internal constraints, and methodological issues , 2022, Psychological Research.

[4]  M. Latash,et al.  Unintentional force drifts across the human fingers: implications for the neural control of finger tasks , 2022, Experimental Brain Research.

[5]  A. Miklashevsky,et al.  Catch the star! Spatial information activates the manual motor system , 2021, bioRxiv.

[6]  E. Wagenmakers,et al.  Advantages masquerading as "issues" in Bayesian hypothesis testing: A commentary on Tendeiro and Kiers (2019). , 2021, Psychological methods.

[7]  M. Raab,et al.  A Developmental Embodied Choice Perspective Explains the Development of Numerical Choices , 2021, Frontiers in Psychology.

[8]  M. H. Fischer,et al.  “BreaThink”: breathing affects production and perception of quantities , 2021, Experimental Brain Research.

[9]  F. Tomaiuolo,et al.  Number space is made by response space: Evidence from left spatial neglect , 2021, Neuropsychologia.

[10]  F. Doricchi,et al.  How to trigger and keep stable directional Space–Number Associations (SNAs) , 2020, Cortex.

[11]  M. H. Fischer,et al.  A biological foundation for spatial–numerical associations: the brain's asymmetric frequency tuning , 2020, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[12]  K. Moeller,et al.  Putting a Finger on Numerical Development – Reviewing the Contributions of Kindergarten Finger Gnosis and Fine Motor Skills to Numerical Abilities , 2020, Frontiers in Psychology.

[13]  K. Priftis,et al.  Numbers around Descartes: A preregistered study on the three-dimensional SNARC effect , 2019, Cognition.

[14]  E. Wagenmakers,et al.  Advantages masquerading as "issues" in Bayesian hypothesis testing: A commentary on Tendeiro and Kiers (2019). , 2019, Psychological methods.

[15]  Marc Brysbaert,et al.  How Many Participants Do We Have to Include in Properly Powered Experiments? A Tutorial of Power Analysis with Reference Tables , 2019, Journal of cognition.

[16]  Ulf-Dietrich Reips,et al.  The SNARC and MARC effects measured online: Large-scale assessment methods in flexible cognitive effects , 2019, Behavior Research Methods.

[17]  M. H. Fischer,et al.  Moving arms: the effects of sensorimotor information on the problem-solving process , 2018, Thinking & Reasoning.

[18]  H. Nuerk,et al.  A large-scale survey on finger counting routines, their temporal stability and flexibility in educated adults , 2018, PeerJ.

[19]  Fabrizio Doricchi,et al.  Reconstructing the origins of the space-number association: spatial and number-magnitude codes must be used jointly to elicit spatially organised mental number lines , 2018, Cognition.

[20]  M. H. Fischer,et al.  Deconstructing spatial-numerical associations , 2018, Cognition.

[21]  Romain Mathieu,et al.  What's Behind a “+” Sign? Perceiving an Arithmetic Operator Recruits Brain Circuits for Spatial Orienting , 2018, Cerebral cortex.

[22]  M. Pesenti,et al.  Time course of overt attentional shifts in mental arithmetic: Evidence from gaze metrics , 2018, Quarterly journal of experimental psychology.

[23]  L. O’Sullivan,et al.  Effects of cognitive loading and force on upper trapezius fatigue. , 2017, Occupational medicine.

[24]  Jeffrey N. Rouder,et al.  UvA-DARE ( Digital Academic Repository ) Bayesian inference for psychology . Part , 2018 .

[25]  Cory D. Bonn,et al.  At Birth, Humans Associate “Few” with Left and “Many” with Right , 2017, Current Biology.

[26]  F. Simion,et al.  A mental number line in human newborns , 2017, bioRxiv.

[27]  T. Verguts,et al.  The Time Course of Spatial Attention Shifts in Elementary Arithmetic , 2017, Scientific Reports.

[28]  Roozbeh Behroozmand,et al.  Premotor neural correlates of predictive motor timing for speech production and hand movement: evidence for a temporal predictive code in the motor system , 2017, Experimental Brain Research.

[29]  W. Fias,et al.  How Does Working Memory Enable Number-Induced Spatial Biases? , 2016, Front. Psychol..

[30]  M. Fabbri,et al.  Finger counting habit and spatial–numerical association in children and adults , 2016, Consciousness and Cognition.

[31]  A. Cangelosi,et al.  Ocular drift along the mental number line , 2016, Psychological Research.

[32]  R. Proctor,et al.  Polarity Correspondence as a General Compatibility Principle , 2015 .

[33]  Susan Goldin-Meadow,et al.  Gesture as a window onto children’s number knowledge , 2015, Cognition.

[34]  Bodo Winter,et al.  Mental number space in three dimensions , 2015, Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews.

[35]  D. Lakens,et al.  Can Conceptual Congruency Effects between Number, Time, and Space Be Accounted for by Polarity Correspondence? Acta Psychologica , 2022 .

[36]  F. Mast,et al.  Spatial biases during mental arithmetic: evidence from eye movements on a blank screen , 2014, Front. Psychol..

[37]  M. H. Fischer,et al.  Attentional cueing in numerical cognition , 2014, Front. Psychol..

[38]  Samuel Shaki,et al.  Spatial Associations in Numerical Cognition—From Single Digits to Arithmetic , 2014, Quarterly journal of experimental psychology.

[39]  Oliver Lindemann,et al.  Expyriment: A Python library for cognitive and neuroscientific experiments , 2014, Behavior research methods.

[40]  Karenleigh A. Overmann.  Finger-counting in the Upper Palaeolithic , 2014 .

[41]  Samuel Shaki,et al.  Heed the Signs: Operation Signs have Spatial Associations , 2014, Quarterly journal of experimental psychology.

[42]  Catherine Thevenot,et al.  Do not count on me to imagine how I act: behavior contradicts questionnaire responses in the assessment of finger counting habits , 2014, Behavior Research Methods.

[43]  K. Moeller,et al.  Aspects of situated cognition in embodied numerosity: the case of finger counting , 2014, Cognitive Processing.

[44]  Martin H. Fischer,et al.  Random walks on the mental number line , 2013, Experimental Brain Research.

[45]  P. König,et al.  Where's the action? The pragmatic turn in cognitive science , 2013, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[46]  Marco Zorzi,et al.  The Spatial Representation of Numerical and Non-Numerical Ordered Sequences: Insights from a Random Generation Task , 2013, Quarterly journal of experimental psychology.

[47]  F. Mast,et al.  Moving along the mental number line: Interactions between whole-body motion and numerical cognition. , 2012, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[48]  Martin H. Fischer,et al.  A hierarchical view of grounded, embodied, and situated numerical cognition , 2012, Cognitive Processing.

[49]  Carmelo Mario Vicario,et al.  Perceiving Numbers Affects the Internal Random Movements Generator , 2012, TheScientificWorldJournal.

[50]  M. H. Fischer,et al.  Multiple spatial mappings in numerical cognition. , 2012, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[51]  Jan Theeuwes,et al.  OpenSesame: An open-source, graphical experiment builder for the social sciences , 2011, Behavior Research Methods.

[52]  J. Theeuwes,et al.  OpenSesame: An open-source, graphical experiment builder for the social sciences , 2011, Behavior Research Methods.

[53]  Martin H. Fischer,et al.  When Digits Help Digits: Spatial–Numerical Associations Point to Finger Counting as Prime Example of Embodied Cognition , 2011, Front. Psychology.

[54]  Oliver Lindemann,et al.  Finger Counting Habits in Middle Eastern and Western Individuals: An Online Survey , 2011 .

[55]  Elizabeth M. Brannon,et al.  Space, time, and number: a Kantian research program , 2010, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[56]  Marc Jeannerod,et al.  Grip Force Is Part of the Semantic Representation of Manual Action Verbs , 2010, PloS one.

[57]  Friedemann Pulvermüller,et al.  Understanding in an instant: Neurophysiological evidence for mechanistic language circuits in the brain , 2009, Brain and Language.

[58]  Guilherme Wood,et al.  On the Cognitive Link between Space and Number: A Meta-Analysis of the SNARC Effect , 2008 .

[59]  Giovanna Moretto,et al.  Grasping numbers , 2008, Experimental Brain Research.

[60]  Marc Sato,et al.  On the relationship between handedness and hand-digit mapping in finger counting , 2008, Cortex.

[61]  Martin H. Fischer,et al.  Finger counting habits modulate spatial-numerical associations , 2008, Cortex.

[62]  T. Loetscher,et al.  Head turns bias the brain's internal random generator , 2008, Current Biology.

[63]  Harold Bekkering,et al.  Getting a grip on numbers: numerical magnitude priming in object grasping. , 2007, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[64]  Stanislas Dehaene,et al.  Moving along the Number Line: Operational Momentum in Nonsymbolic Arithmetic , 2006 .

[65]  Edgar Erdfelder,et al.  A short tutorial of GPower , 2007 .

[66]  T. Loetscher,et al.  Exploring number space by random digit generation , 2007, Experimental Brain Research.

[67]  Wim Fias,et al.  Automatic response activation of implicit spatial information: Evidence from the SNARC effect. , 2006, Acta psychologica.

[68]  Yang Seok Cho,et al.  Polarity correspondence: A general principle for performance of speeded binary classification tasks. , 2006, Psychological bulletin.

[69]  Michael Andres,et al.  Number magnitude and grip aperture interaction , 2004, Neuroreport.

[70]  Takeshi Hatta,et al.  Spatial structure of quantitative representation of numbers: Evidence from the SNARC effect , 2004, Memory & cognition.

[71]  Wolf Schwarz,et al.  Moving the eyes along the mental number line: Comparing SNARC effects with saccadic and manual responses , 2004, Perception & psychophysics.

[72]  Vincent Walsh.  A theory of magnitude: common cortical metrics of time, space and quantity , 2003, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[73]  Michael D. Dodd,et al.  Perceiving numbers causes spatial shifts of attention , 2003, Nature Neuroscience.

[74]  Martin H Fischer,et al.  Cognitive Representation of Negative Numbers , 2003, Psychological science.

[75]  G. Lakoff,et al.  Where mathematics comes from : how the embodied mind brings mathematics into being , 2002 .

[76]  G. Aschersleben,et al.  The Theory of Event Coding (TEC): a framework for perception and action planning. , 2001, The Behavioral and brain sciences.

[77]  J. Towse,et al.  Random Generation of Numbers: A Search for Underlying Processes , 1997 .

[78]  S. Dehaene,et al.  The mental representation of parity and number magnitude. , 1993 .

[79]  Gary James Jason,et al.  The Logic of Scientific Discovery , 1988 .

[80]  G. Lakoff,et al.  Conceptual Metaphor in Everyday Language , 1980, Shaping Entrepreneurship Research.

[81]  Judgment, Decision-Making, and Embodied Choices , 2021 .

[82]  Y. Paulignan,et al.  A simple technique to study embodied language processes: the grip force sensor , 2017, Behavior research methods.

[83]  F. Bremmer,et al.  The SNARC effect in two dimensions: Evidence for a frontoparallel mental number plane , 2017, Vision Research.

[84]  Ann Dowker,et al.  The Oxford Handbook of Numerical Cognition , 2015 .

[85]  M. H. Fischer,et al.  Random walks on the mental number line , 2013, Experimental Brain Research.

[86]  Bodo Winter,et al.  More is up... and right: Random number generation along two axes , 2013, CogSci.

[87]  Nils Bender,et al.  Das Lateral Preference Inventory: Itemhomogenität der deutschen Version , 2009 .

[88]  Roland S. Johansson,et al.  Sensory Control of Dexterous Manipulation in Humans , 1996 .

[89]  G. Rizzolatti,et al.  Space and selective attention , 1994 .

[90]  J. Gibson.  The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception , 1979 .