Colloidal Gold Immunochromatography and ELISA Traceability of Tetracycline Residues from Raw Milk to its Dairy Products

Background/Aim: The presence of tetracycline (TC) and its residues in raw milk and milk dairy products poses a threat to human health due to the induction of antibiotic resistance of bacteria that can be transmitted between animals, humans, and the environment. The aim of this study was to investigate the transfer of TC from raw milk to different dairy products: pasteurized milk, boiled milk, sour milk, skimmed milk, and cottage cheese. We analyzed samples of milk from different sources: household farmers, local farms, and milk factories. Materials and Methods: The analyses of TC in milk and dairy products were performed using colloidal gold immunochromatography assay (GICA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: The highest content of TC was found in the milk purchased from local household farmers; therefore, these samples were chosen for the study of TC transfer to dairy products. TC was also found in sour milk at levels comparable with those obtained in raw milk. The average TC content decreased following heat treatment of the milk, as follows: for pasteurized milk 22.07% and for boiled milk 29.35%. The highest concentrations were determined in cottage cheese in the range 200-620 μg/kg. Conclusion: TC residues are transferred from milk to dairy products in various amounts depending on the preparation conditions, and due to their chemical properties, they accumulate in concentrated derivatives, such as cheese. Therefore, TC can be identified even in cheeses prepared from milk with undetected antibiotic levels.

[1]  B. Nalepa,et al.  Microbiological Biodiversity of Regional Cow, Goat and Ewe Milk Cheeses Produced in Poland and Antibiotic Resistance of Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Them , 2022, Animals : an open access journal from MDPI.

[2]  G. Chessa,et al.  Analytical Approaches in Official Food Safety Control: An LC-Orbitrap-HRMS Screening Method for the Multiresidue Determination of Antibiotics in Cow, Sheep, and Goat Milk , 2022, Molecules.

[3]  A. Almomen,et al.  Qualitative immunoassay for the determination of tetracycline antibiotic residues in milk samples followed by a quantitative improved HPLC-DAD method , 2022, Scientific Reports.

[4]  Meral Yüce,et al.  Nanotechnology in food and water security: on-site detection of agricultural pollutants through surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy , 2022, Emergent Materials.

[5]  S. Mouneir,et al.  Current perspective on veterinary drug and chemical residues in food of animal origin , 2022, Environmental Science and Pollution Research.

[6]  Aura Rusu,et al.  The Development of Third-Generation Tetracycline Antibiotics and New Perspectives , 2021, Pharmaceutics.

[7]  J. Cortina,et al.  Use of Membrane Technologies in Dairy Industry: An Overview , 2021, Foods.

[8]  B. Zaitsev,et al.  Biosensor Systems for Antibiotic Detection , 2021, Biophysics.

[9]  Fritz Treiber,et al.  Antimicrobial Residues in Food from Animal Origin—A Review of the Literature Focusing on Products Collected in Stores and Markets Worldwide , 2021, Antibiotics.

[10]  S. Dutta,et al.  Recent trends in smartphone-based detection for biomedical applications: a review , 2021, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry.

[11]  T. Behl,et al.  Aspects of excessive antibiotic consumption and environmental influences correlated with the occurrence of resistance to antimicrobial agents , 2021 .

[12]  Vineet Kumar,et al.  Application of DNA-Nanosensor for Environmental Monitoring: Recent Advances and Perspectives , 2020, Current Pollution Reports.

[13]  B. Kiss,et al.  Antibiotics in the environment: causes and consequences , 2020, Medicine and pharmacy reports.

[14]  Sharon K. Mcdonough,et al.  The role of online learning in pharmacy education: A nationwide survey of student pharmacists. , 2020, Currents in pharmacy teaching & learning.

[15]  S. Bungău,et al.  Antibiotic Consumption and Microbiological Epidemiology in Surgery Departments: Results from a Single Study Center , 2020, Antibiotics.

[16]  L. Aleya,et al.  What antibiotics for what pathogens? The sensitivity spectrum of isolated strains in an intensive care unit. , 2019, The Science of the total environment.

[17]  V. Samanidou,et al.  Development of a High Pressure Liquid Chromatography with Diode Array Detection Method for the Determination of Four Tetracycline Residues in Milk by Using QuEChERS Dispersive Extraction , 2019, Separations.

[18]  T. Qin,et al.  Development of a Colloidal Gold-Based Immunochromatographic Strip for Rapid Detection of H7N9 Influenza Viruses , 2018, Front. Microbiol..

[19]  Ting Chen,et al.  Quantitative and rapid detection of C-reactive protein using quantum dot-based lateral flow test strip. , 2018, Analytica chimica acta.

[20]  E. Meyer,et al.  Antibiotic Use in Agriculture and Its Consequential Resistance in Environmental Sources: Potential Public Health Implications , 2018, Molecules.

[21]  B. Bogovič-Matijašić,et al.  Tetracycline resistance in lactobacilli isolated from Serbian traditional raw milk cheeses , 2018, Journal of Food Science and Technology.

[22]  A. Gajda,et al.  Tetracycline antibiotics transfer from contaminated milk to dairy products and the effect of the skimming step and pasteurisation process on residue concentrations , 2018, Food additives & contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment.

[23]  S. Bungău,et al.  Enzymological and Physicochemical Evaluation of the Effects of Soil Management Practices , 2017 .

[24]  Jie Hu,et al.  Multiple test zones for improved detection performance in lateral flow assays , 2017 .

[25]  M. Amiri,et al.  Evaluation of Antibiotic Residues in Pasteurized and Raw Milk Distributed in the South of Khorasan-e Razavi Province, Iran. , 2016, Journal of clinical and diagnostic research : JCDR.

[26]  L. Lucatello,et al.  Assessment of antibacterial drug residues in milk for consumption in Kosovo , 2016, Journal of food and drug analysis.

[27]  C. Cerniglia,et al.  An update discussion on the current assessment of the safety of veterinary antimicrobial drug residues in food with regard to their impact on the human intestinal microbiome. , 2016, Drug testing and analysis.

[28]  Liqiang Liu,et al.  Development of an ELISA and Immunochromatographic Assay for Tetracycline, Oxytetracycline, and Chlortetracycline Residues in Milk and Honey Based on the Class-Specific Monoclonal Antibody , 2016, Food Analytical Methods.

[29]  L. Azadbakht,et al.  Dietary exposure to tetracycline residues through milk consumption in Iran , 2015, Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering.

[30]  V. Adetunji,et al.  Oxytetracycline and penicillin-G residues in cattle slaughtered in south-western Nigeria: implications for livestock disease management and public health. , 2013, Journal of the South African Veterinary Association.

[31]  W. Zang,et al.  Development of a One-Step Strip Test for the Diagnosis of Chicken Infectious Bursal Disease , 2005, Avian diseases.

[32]  G. Khachatourians,et al.  Agricultural use of antibiotics and the evolution and transfer of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. , 1998, CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne.

[33]  H. Belshaw,et al.  The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations , 1947, International Organization.

[34]  M. Mirlohi,et al.  Prevalence of antibiotic residues in commercial milk and its variation by season and thermal processing methods , 2013 .

[35]  Mehran Mesgari Abbasi,et al.  Simultaneous Determination of Tetracyclines Residues in Bovine Milk Samples by Solid Phase Extraction and HPLC-FL Method. , 2011, Advanced pharmaceutical bulletin.

[36]  Yuegang Zuo,et al.  Simultaneous determination of tetracycline, oxytetracycline, and 4-epitetracycline in milk by high-performance liquid chromatography , 2007 .

[37]  E. M��������,et al.  Tetracyclines in veterinary medicine and bacterial resistance to them , 2004 .

[38]  S. Giguère,et al.  Antimicrobial therapy in veterinary medicine , 1994 .