The multicomponential nature of movement-related cortical potentials: functional generators and psychological factors

Starting from a general description of the several components which form movementrelated cortical potentials family, this paper aims to review the principal results coming from electrophysiological and motor neuroscience experiments. Empirical evidences of cortical and subcortical generators are analyzed, considering their mutual and simultaneous involvement for the generation of Bereitschaftspotential (BP) or Readiness Potential (RP). A specific section is dedicated to the review of the main psychological factors which influence the topography and magnitude of BP. Inside this psychological perspective another section deals with the role of motor representation for the preparation of the action, valuating the influence of motor imagery process on readiness poten-

[1]  Hidenao Fukuyama,et al.  Movement-related cortical potentials and regional cerebral blood flow change in patients with stroke after motor recovery , 1997, Journal of the Neurological Sciences.

[2]  M. Carrillo-de-la-Peña,et al.  Limb (hand vs. foot) and response conflict have similar effects on event‐related potentials (ERPs) recorded during motor imagery and overt execution , 2006, The European journal of neuroscience.

[3]  K. Sasaki,et al.  Distribution of premovement slow cortical potentials associated with self-paced hand movements in monkeys , 1980, Neuroscience Letters.

[4]  H. Shibasaki,et al.  Movement-associated cortical potentials with unilateral and bilateral simultaneous hand movement , 2004, Journal of Neurology.

[5]  L. Stegagno,et al.  Pre-motion positivity during self-paced movements of finger and mouth , 2006, Neuroreport.

[6]  M. Carrillo-de-la-Peña,et al.  ERP evidence of MI activation without motor response execution , 2004, Neuroreport.

[7]  M Lakie.  The bereitschaftspotential movement-related cortical potentials , 2004 .

[8]  L. Gilden,et al.  Summated human EEG potentials with voluntary movement. , 1966, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[9]  H Shibasaki,et al.  Movement-related cortical potentials associated with voluntary muscle relaxation. , 1995, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[10]  H. Kornhuber,et al.  Timing function of the frontal cortex in sequential motor and learning tasks. , 1985, Human neurobiology.

[11]  H Shibasaki,et al.  Movement-related potentials associated with bilateral simultaneous and unilateral movements recorded from human supplementary motor area. , 1995, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[12]  M. Taylor,et al.  Bereitschaftspontential during the acquisition of a skilled motor task. , 1978, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[13]  M. Lotze,et al.  Motor imagery , 2006, Journal of Physiology-Paris.

[14]  B. Feige,et al.  The Role of Higher-Order Motor Areas in Voluntary Movement as Revealed by High-Resolution EEG and fMRI , 1999, NeuroImage.

[15]  Hiroshi Shibasaki,et al.  Clinical studies of the movement-related cortical potential (MP) and the relationship between the dentatorubrothalamic pathway and readiness potential (RP) , 1978, Journal of Neurology.

[16]  A. Cools,et al.  Movement-related potentials preceding voluntary movement are modulated by the mode of movement selection , 2004, Experimental Brain Research.

[17]  J. Decety.  Do imagined and executed actions share the same neural substrate? , 1996, Brain research. Cognitive brain research.

[18]  Shaun Gallagher,et al.  Does consciousness cause behavior , 2006 .

[19]  H. Kornhuber,et al.  Distribution of readiness potential, pre-motion positivity, and motor potential of the human cerebral cortex preceding voluntary finger movements , 2004, Experimental Brain Research.

[20]  Michael Voigt,et al.  Influence of directional orientations during gait initiation and stepping on movement-related cortical potentials , 2005, Behavioural Brain Research.

[21]  A Urbano,et al.  Human cortical activity related to unilateral movements. A high resolution EEG study , 1996, Neuroreport.

[22]  H. Leuthold.  The Bereitschaftspotential: Movement-related cortical potentials , 2004 .

[23]  W T Thach,et al.  The cerebellum and the adaptive coordination of movement. , 1992, Annual review of neuroscience.

[24]  H. Diener,et al.  Impaired movement-related potentials in acute frontal traumatic brain injury , 2004, Clinical Neurophysiology.

[25]  M. Jeannerod.  The cognitive neuroscience of action , 1997, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[26]  F. Díaz,et al.  How does a short history of spinal cord injury affect movement‐related brain potentials? , 2007, The European journal of neuroscience.

[27]  C. Brunia,et al.  The Bilateral Origin of Movement-Related Potentials Preceding Unilateral Actions , 2004 .

[28]  J. C. Rothwell,et al.  Increase of the Bereitschaftspotential in simultaneous and sequential movements , 1985, Neuroscience Letters.

[29]  M. Hallett,et al.  What is the Bereitschaftspotential? , 2006, Clinical Neurophysiology.

[30]  Ivan Rektor,et al.  Intracerebral Recordings of the Bereitschaftspotential and Related Potentials in Cortical and Subcortical Structures in Human Subjects , 2003 .

[31]  M. Simonetta,et al.  Bereitschaftspotential in a simple movement or in a motor sequence starting with the same simple movement. , 1991, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[32]  M. Honda,et al.  Dissociation between contingent negative variation (CNV) and Bereitschaftspotential (BP) in patients with parkinsonism. , 1997, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[33]  P. Ullsperger,et al.  Changes in Bereitschaftspotential during fatiguing and non-fatiguing hand movements , 2004, European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology.

[34]  M. Jeannerod.  The representing brain: Neural correlates of motor intention and imagery , 1994, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

[35]  Wilfried Lang,et al.  Surface Recordings of the Bereitschaftspotential in Normals , 2003 .

[36]  Lüder Deecke,et al.  Voluntary finger movement in man: Cerebral potentials and theory , 1976, Biological Cybernetics.

[37]  J. Colebatch,et al.  Movement-related potentials associated with self-paced, cued and imagined arm movements , 2002, Experimental Brain Research.

[38]  K. Bötzel,et al.  Movement-related cortical potentials in persistent mirror movements. , 1995, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[39]  L. Cosmides.  From : The Cognitive Neurosciences , 1995 .

[40]  H Shibasaki,et al.  Cortical potentials following voluntary and passive finger movements. , 1980, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[41]  H Shibasaki,et al.  Components of the movement-related cortical potential and their scalp topography. , 1980, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[42]  C. MacKinnon.  Recordings of Movement-Related Potentials Combined with Pet, fMRI or MEG , 2003 .

[43]  A. Dufour,et al.  Motor cortex activation induced by a mirror: evidence from lateralized readiness potentials. , 2008, Journal of neurophysiology.

[44]  Lüder Deecke,et al.  High Resolution DC-EEG Analysis of the Bereitschaftspotential and Post Movement Onset Potentials Accompanying Uni- or Bilateral Voluntary Finger Movements , 2004, Brain Topography.

[45]  J. Decety.  The neurophysiological basis of motor imagery , 1996, Behavioural Brain Research.

[46]  H. Diener,et al.  Recovery of movement-related potentials in the temporal course after prefrontal traumatic brain injury: a follow-up study , 2004, Clinical Neurophysiology.

[47]  M. Hallett,et al.  The timing of the conscious intention to move , 2008, The European journal of neuroscience.

[48]  M. Carrillo-de-la-Peña,et al.  Equivalent is not equal: Primary motor cortex (MI) activation during motor imagery and execution of sequential movements , 2008, Brain Research.

[49]  Wilfried Lang,et al.  Habituation in a simple repetitive motor task: a study with movement-related cortical potentials , 2004, Clinical Neurophysiology.

[50]  L. Deecke,et al.  Finger movement versus toe movement-related potentials: Further evidence for supplementary motor area (SMA) participation prior to voluntary action , 2004, Experimental Brain Research.

[51]  H. Shibasaki,et al.  Generator Mechanisms of Bereitschaftspotentials as Studied by Epicortical Recording in Patients with Intractable Partial Epilepsy , 2003 .

[52]  Antonio Castro,et al.  What happens to the readiness potential when the movement is not executed? , 2005, Neuroreport.

[53]  L. Deecke,et al.  Neuroimage of Voluntary Movement: Topography of the Bereitschaftspotential, a 64-Channel DC Current Source Density Study , 1999, NeuroImage.