Assessment of Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Food System : A Literature Review

Amid growing concerns about climate change and long-term petroleum reserves, the food system looms large as a major user of fossil fuels and, as a result, producer of greenhouse gases (GHG). Indeed, these twin problems may be the significant drivers that catalyze change in the food system in the 21 century. Already we are witnessing a stream of new policies aimed at reducing greenhouse gases, including a sweeping new law in California that requires a 20% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions across all sectors by 2020 and 80% by 2050.

[1]  Thomas Ohlsson,et al.  Screening life cycle assessment (LCA) of tomato ketchup : A case study , 1998 .

[2]  Tim Van Pelt,et al.  Food, Fuel, and Freeways: An Iowa perspective on how far food travels, fuel usage, and greenhouse gas emissions , 2001 .

[3]  G. Nanos,et al.  Energy budget in organic and conventional olive groves , 2007 .

[4]  Christian Bockstaller,et al.  Assessment of energy use in arable farming systems by means of an agro-ecological indicator: the energy indicator , 2002 .

[5]  Richard C. Fluck,et al.  Energy in farm production , 1992 .

[6]  C. Cederberg,et al.  Agricultural land use in life cycle assessment (LCA): case studies of three vegetable oil crops , 2000 .

[7]  D. Chadwick,et al.  Greenhouse gas abatement strategies for animal husbandry , 2006 .

[8]  R. P. Singh,et al.  Energy accounting in canning tomato products , 1979 .

[9]  Frank Brentrup,et al.  Application of the Life Cycle Assessment methodology to agricultural production: an example of sugar beet production with different forms of nitrogen fertilisers , 2001 .

[10]  G. Keoleian,et al.  Life cycle-based sustainability indicators for assessment of the U.S. food system. , 2000 .

[11]  Handan Akcaoz,et al.  ENERGY REQUIREMENT AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF CITRUS PRODUCTION IN TURKEY , 2004 .

[12]  C. Cederberg,et al.  Life cycle assessment of milk production — a comparison of conventional and organic farming , 2000 .

[13]  H. Steinfeld,et al.  Livestock's long shadow: environmental issues and options. , 2006 .

[14]  David Coley,et al.  The embodied energy of food: the role of diet , 1998 .

[15]  C. Dutilh,et al.  Energy Consumption in the Food Chain , 2000 .

[16]  Annika Carlsson-Kanyama,et al.  Weighted average source points and distances for consumption origin-tools for environmental impact analysis? , 1997 .

[17]  R. Pirog,et al.  Checking the Food Odometer: Comparing Food Miles for Local versus Conventional Produce Sales to Iowa Institutions , 2003 .

[18]  D. Pimentel,et al.  Energy use in Food Processing for Nutrition and Development , 1985 .

[19]  D. Hume,et al.  Energy analysis of tillage and herbicide inputs in alternative weed management systems , 1995 .

[20]  W. Lockeretz,et al.  The load less traveled: examining the potential of using food miles and CO2 emissions in ecolabels. , 2002 .

[21]  Tim Lang,et al.  Farm costs and food miles: an assessment of the full cost of the UK weekly food basket , 2005 .

[22]  R. Cline-Cole,et al.  Food, Energy and Society. , 1982 .

[23]  Gregory A. Keoleian,et al.  Guidance for improving life-cycle design and management of milk packaging , 1999 .

[24]  M. Blanke,et al.  Food (miles) for Thought - Energy Balance for Locally-grown versus Imported Apple Fruit (3 pp) , 2005, Environmental science and pollution research international.

[25]  Maurice B. Green.  Eating oil : energy use in food production , 1978 .

[26]  Andrew Flynn,et al.  Environmental impacts of food production and consumption: a report to the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs by Manchester Business School , 2007 .

[27]  D. Pimentel.  Handbook of Energy Utilization In Agriculture , 1980 .

[28]  N. Halberg,et al.  Energy Utilization in Crop and Dairy Production in Organic and Conventional Livestock Production Systems , 1998 .

[29]  N. Scialabba,et al.  Organic agriculture, environment and food security. , 2002 .

[30]  Alan Campbell McKinnon,et al.  The validity of food miles as an indicator of sustainable development - final report , 2005 .

[31]  G. Marland,et al.  A synthesis of carbon sequestration, carbon emissions, and net carbon flux in agriculture: comparing tillage practices in the United States , 2002 .

[32]  G. Robertson,et al.  Greenhouse gases in intensive agriculture: contributions of individual gases to the radiative forcing of the atmosphere , 2000, Science.

[33]  Cutler J. Cleveland,et al.  Resource degradation, technical change, and the productivity of energy use in U.S. agriculture , 1995 .

[34]  N. B. Mclaughlin,et al.  Comparison of energy inputs for inorganic fertilizer and manure based corn production , 2000 .

[35]  Willis L. Peterson,et al.  Are Large Farms More Efficient , 1997 .

[36]  C. W. Hall,et al.  Food and energy resources , 1984 .

[37]  Mark A. Delucchi,et al.  Lifecycle Analyses of Biofuels , 2006 .

[38]  A. Kürklü,et al.  An input-output energy analysis in greenhouse vegetable production: a case study for Antalya region of Turkey , 2004 .

[39]  A. Carlsson-kanyama.  Climate change and dietary choices -- how can emissions of greenhouse gases from food consumption be reduced? , 1998 .

[40]  A. Carlsson-kanyama,et al.  Food and life cycle energy inputs: consequences of diet and ways to increase efficiency , 2003 .

[41]  Handan Akcaoz,et al.  Energy input¿output analysis in Turkish agriculture , 2004 .

[42]  P. Rosset.  The Multiple Functions and Benefits of Small Farm Agriculture in the Context of Global Trade Negotiations , 2000 .

[43]  Jan M. Kooijman.  Environmental assessment of packaging: Sense and sensibility , 1993 .

[44]  S. Parkinson,et al.  Localisation of UK food production: an analysis using land area and energy as indicators , 2003 .

[45]  P. Martin,et al.  Diet, Energy, and Global Warming , 2006 .

[46]  Niels Jungbluth,et al.  Food purchases: Impacts from the consumers’ point of view investigated with a modular LCA , 2000 .

[47]  P. Baccini,et al.  The impact of household food consumption on resource and energy management , 2001 .