IN-VITRO KINETICS, ADSORPTION ISOTHERM, AND EFFECT OF PH ON ANTIDOTAL EFFECT OF ACTIVATED CHARCOAL IN TRAMADOL HYDROCHLORIDE INTOXICATION

Tramadol overdose has been one of the most frequent causes of drug poisoning in the recent years, especially in young adult males. In the current work, the in-vitro study on adsorption kinetics and the effect of pH on antidotal effect of activated charcoal (AC) in tramadol hydrochloride intoxication were carried out. For adsorption study tramadol hydrochloride solutions of various concentrations were prepared in both simulated gastric fluid (SGF) and simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) and analyzed by UV spectrophotometer. For kinetics study tramadol hydrochloride and charcoal in ratio 1:5 was kept in 6 different flasks and sonicated for 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 minutes and analyzed spectrophotometrically. The data were plotted among two most commonly used adsorption isotherm, Langmuir isotherm and Freundlich isotherm and their coefficient of determination (R 2 ) was compared to get the best adsorption isotherm equation. The kinetics study was done in both SGF and SIF. The result showed that AC 50 gm can adsorb 4802.692 mg tramadol hydrochloride at gastric environment and 8064.516 mg tramadol hydrochloride at intestinal environment. The R 2 value in the current study is found to be more in SIF (0.986) than in SGF (0.985). In accordance to the value of R 2 , the pseudo second order kinetics model fit best for this study with R 2 value of 0.9997 in SGF and 0.9994 in SIF. From the current study it can be concluded that 50g AC has the capacity to adsorb sufficient amount of tramadol hydrochloride and the kinetics followed during the adsorption was pseudo-second order.

[1]  Jaka Sunarso,et al.  Performance of activated carbon and bentonite for adsorption of amoxicillin from wastewater: mechanisms, isotherms and kinetics. , 2009, Water research.

[2]  A. Mohammad-khāh,et al.  Activated Charcoal: Preparation, characterization and Applications : A review article , 2009 .

[3]  M. Abdollahi,et al.  Tramadol intoxication: a review of 114 cases , 2008, Human & experimental toxicology.

[4]  R. Ghimire,et al.  A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ACUTE POISONING IN NEPAL AT TERTIARY AND SECONDARY LEVEL HOSPITALS , 2004 .

[5]  M. Loughrey,et al.  Fatal hepatic failure following accidental tramadol overdose. , 2003, Forensic Science International.

[6]  R. Raffa,et al.  Determination of the adsorption of tramadol hydrochloride by activated charcoal in vitro and in vivo. , 2000, Journal of pharmacological and toxicological methods.

[7]  P. Chyka,et al.  Position statement: single-dose activated charcoal. American Academy of Clinical Toxicology; European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists. , 1997, Journal of toxicology. Clinical toxicology.

[8]  M. Koupparis,et al.  In vitro adsorption study of fluoxetine onto activated charcoal at gastric and intestinal pH using high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detector. , 1997, Journal of toxicology. Clinical toxicology.

[9]  D. Cooney.  Activated Charcoal in Medical Applications , 1995 .

[10]  P. Neuvonen,et al.  Drug adsorption onto activated charcoal as a means of formulation. , 1994, Methods and Findings in Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology.

[11]  S. Gidener,et al.  In vitro adsorption of dichlorvos and parathion by activated charcoal. , 1994, Journal of toxicology. Clinical toxicology.

[12]  K. Arimori,et al.  Adsorption of Imipramine onto Activated Charcoal and a Cation Exchange Resin in Macrogol-Electrolyte Solution , 1992 .

[13]  J. Schneider,et al.  Receptor binding, analgesic and antitussive potency of tramadol and other selected opioids. , 1988, Arzneimittel-Forschung.

[14]  P. Neuvonen,et al.  Effect of ethanol and pH on the adsorption of drugs to activated charcoal: studies in vitro and in man. , 2009, Acta pharmacologica et toxicologica.

[15]  E. Sellers,et al.  Comparative drug adsorption by activated charcoal. , 1977, Journal of pharmaceutical sciences.

[16]  C. Bainbridge,et al.  In vitro adsortpion of acetaminophen onto activated charcoal. , 1977, Journal of pharmaceutical sciences.

[17]  H. Cassidy.  Adsorption and Chromatography , 1951 .