Panting in Dogs: Unidirectional Air Flow over Evaporative Surfaces

In dogs which are panting due to a heat load, most of the respired air enters through the nose and leaves through the mouth. Different patterns of flow are, however, possible. The unidirectional flow over the evaporative (nasal) surfaces is an important mechanism for regulating the amount of heat dissipated in panting.

[1]  K Schmidt-Nielsen,et al.  Counter-current heat exchange in the respiratory passages: effect on water and heat balance. , 1970, Respiration physiology.

[2]  E. C. Crawford,et al.  Mechanical aspects of panting in dogs. , 1962, Journal of applied physiology.

[3]  F. Verzár,et al.  [Temperature and air humidity in the respiratory tracts]. , 1953, Pflugers Archiv fur die gesamte Physiologie des Menschen und der Tiere.