Marine Ecology Progress Series 395:137

The target strength (TS) of pelagic fish with swimbladders has been studied in detail at the frequencies of conventional fish finding sonar (CFFS; 10 to ~200 kHz) both experimentally and with theoretical models. In this regime, several empirical models relating TS to fish length are available (Love 1971, McClatchie et al. 1996, Ona 2003, Kang et al. 2004, Peltonen & Balk 2005). In contrast, limited fish TS data have been collected at lower frequencies (0.01 to 1 kHz) where OAWRS typically operates and swimbladder resonance is found in many species. Indeed OAWRS is among the first systems to provide data at frequencies ≤1 kHz, where many strong variations in scattering are expected due to swimbladder resonance according to various models (Love 1978, 1993). At such low frequencies, swimbladder scattering becomes effectively omnidirectional so that TS becomes

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