Synthetic silviculture

Due to the enormous amount of detail and the interplay of various biological phenomena, modeling realistic ecosystems of trees and other plants is a challenging and open problem. Previous research on modeling plant ecologies has focused on representations to handle this complexity, mostly through geometric simplifications, such as points or billboards. In this paper we describe a multi-scale method to design large-scale ecosystems with individual plants that are realistically modeled and faithfully capture biological features, such as growth, plant interactions, different types of tropism, and the competition for resources. Our approach is based on leveraging inter- and intra-plant self-similarities for efficiently modeling plant geometry. We focus on the interactive design of plant ecosystems of up to 500K plants, while adhering to biological priors known in forestry and botany research. The introduced parameter space supports modeling properties of nine distinct plant ecologies while each plant is represented as a 3D surface mesh. The capabilities of our framework are illustrated through numerous models of forests, individual plants, and validations.

[1]  Miguel Chover,et al.  View-dependent pruning for real-time rendering of trees , 2011, Comput. Graph..

[2]  D. Barthelemy Establishment of modular growth in a tropical tree: Isertia coccinea Vahl. (Rubiaceae) , 1986 .

[3]  Rodney J. Keenan,et al.  Climate change impacts and adaptation in forest management: a review , 2015, Annals of Forest Science.

[4]  PuechClaude,et al.  Plant models faithful to botanical structure and development , 1988 .

[5]  Robert H. Whittaker,et al.  Classification of natural communities , 2008, The Botanical Review.

[6]  Takeo Igarashi,et al.  Seamless Integration of Initial Sketching and Subsequent Detail Editing in Flower Modeling , 2006, Comput. Graph. Forum.

[7]  Fabrice Neyret,et al.  Point-based Rendering of Trees , 2005, NPH.

[8]  Boris Zeide,et al.  Analysis of the 3/2 Power Law of Self-Thinning , 1987, Forest Science.

[9]  Daniel Cohen-Or,et al.  Texture-lobes for tree modelling , 2011, SIGGRAPH 2011.

[10]  Carlos Andújar,et al.  Inexpensive Reconstruction and Rendering of Realistic Roadside Landscapes , 2014, Comput. Graph. Forum.

[11]  Hui Huang,et al.  Tree Modeling with Real Tree-Parts Examples , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics.

[12]  Radomír Mech,et al.  Plastic trees , 2012, ACM Trans. Graph..

[13]  Bruno Moulia,et al.  Wind loads and competition for light sculpt trees into self-similar structures , 2017, Nature Communications.

[14]  Wojciech Palubicki,et al.  Self-organizing tree models for image synthesis , 2009, SIGGRAPH 2009.

[15]  Jerome K. Vanclay,et al.  Growth models for tropical forests: a synthesis of models and methods , 1995 .

[16]  Long Quan,et al.  Image-based tree modeling , 2007, SIGGRAPH 2007.

[17]  Sumanta N. Pattanaik,et al.  Rendering Trees with Indirect Lighting in Real Time , 2008, Comput. Graph. Forum.

[18]  Bedrich Benes,et al.  Interactive Modeling of Virtual Ecosystems , 2009, NPH.

[19]  Oliver Deussen,et al.  Interactive Modeling of Plants , 1999, IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications.

[20]  Oliver Deussen,et al.  Improved Model‐ and View‐Dependent Pruning of Large Botanical Scenes , 2011, Comput. Graph. Forum.

[21]  Aaron M. Ellison,et al.  Detecting Ecological Patterns Along Environmental Gradients: Alpine Treeline Ecotones , 2016 .

[22]  Fabrice Neyret,et al.  Real‐time Realistic Rendering and Lighting of Forests , 2012, Comput. Graph. Forum.

[23]  Ronald Fedkiw,et al.  Real-Time Interactive Tree Animation , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics.

[24]  Christophe Godin,et al.  Representing and encoding plant architecture: A review , 2000 .

[25]  Przemyslaw Prusinkiewicz,et al.  Graphical applications of L-systems , 1986 .

[26]  Timothy M. Lenton,et al.  A morphometric analysis of vegetation patterns in dryland ecosystems , 2017, Royal Society Open Science.

[27]  Christophe Godin,et al.  Structure from silhouettes: a new paradigm for fast sketch‐based design of trees , 2009, Comput. Graph. Forum.

[28]  Marc Jaeger,et al.  Tree Branch Level of Detail Models for Forest Navigation , 2017, Comput. Graph. Forum.

[29]  G. R. Mcghee,et al.  Theoretical Morphology: The Concept and Its Applications , 1998 .

[30]  Marc Jaeger,et al.  Plant models faithful to botanical structure and development , 1988, SIGGRAPH.

[31]  F L Zhang,et al.  Development of economic and environmental metrics for forest-based biomass harvesting , 2016 .

[32]  B. Neubert,et al.  Approximate image-based tree-modeling using particle flows , 2007, SIGGRAPH 2007.

[33]  Philip J. Willis,et al.  Modeling and generating moving trees from video , 2011, SA '11.

[34]  Mehdi Heydari,et al.  The Survey of Plant Species Diversity and Richness Between Ecological Species Groups (Zagros Ecosystem, Ilam) , 2009 .

[35]  Wojciech Palubicki,et al.  Interactive wood combustion for botanical tree models , 2017, ACM Trans. Graph..

[36]  Bedrich Benes,et al.  Windy trees , 2014, ACM Trans. Graph..

[37]  Bedrich Benes,et al.  Interactive Modeling and Authoring of Climbing Plants , 2017, Comput. Graph. Forum.

[38]  Jianxiong Xiao,et al.  Single image tree modeling , 2008, SIGGRAPH 2008.

[39]  Inmaculada Remolar Quintana,et al.  View-dependent pruning for real-time rendering of trees , 2011 .

[40]  T. Sachs,et al.  Self-organization of tree form: a model for complex social systems. , 2004, Journal of theoretical biology.

[41]  Philippe Decaudin,et al.  Rendering Forest Scenes in Real-Time , 2010 .

[42]  Michael Wimmer,et al.  Efficient tree modeling from airborne LiDAR point clouds , 2017, Comput. Graph..

[43]  Radomír Mech,et al.  Inverse Procedural Modelling of Trees , 2014, Comput. Graph. Forum.

[44]  A. Lindenmayer Mathematical models for cellular interactions in development. I. Filaments with one-sided inputs. , 1968, Journal of theoretical biology.

[45]  Marc Jaeger,et al.  Tree and plant volume imaging - An introductive study towards voxelized functional landscapes , 2003 .

[46]  Bernard Ghanem,et al.  Sim4CV: A Photo-Realistic Simulator for Computer Vision Applications , 2017, International Journal of Computer Vision.

[47]  Radomír Mech,et al.  Visual models of plants interacting with their environment , 1996, SIGGRAPH.

[48]  Shin-Ichi Yamamoto,et al.  Forest gap dynamics and tree regeneration , 2000, Journal of Forest Research.

[49]  D. Barthélémy,et al.  Plant architecture: a dynamic, multilevel and comprehensive approach to plant form, structure and ontogeny. , 2007, Annals of botany.

[50]  Przemyslaw Prusinkiewicz,et al.  The Algorithmic Beauty of Plants , 1990, The Virtual Laboratory.

[51]  Michael Wimmer,et al.  Physically Guided Animation of Trees , 2009, Comput. Graph. Forum.

[52]  Tosiyasu L. Kunii,et al.  Botanical Tree Image Generation , 1984, IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications.

[53]  Carlos Andújar,et al.  Single-picture reconstruction and rendering of trees for plausible vegetation synthesis , 2016, Comput. Graph..

[54]  A. Grootjans,et al.  Mechanisms of vegetation succession: a review of concepts and perspectives , 1993 .

[55]  P. Tomlinson,et al.  Tropical Trees and Forests: An Architectural Analysis , 1978 .

[56]  Takeo Igarashi,et al.  Interactive design of botanical trees using freehand sketches and example-based editing , 2004, SIGGRAPH Courses.

[57]  J. Drever Surface and ground water, weathering, and soils , 2014 .

[58]  T. Kira,et al.  A QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF PLANT FORM-THE PIPE MODEL THEORY : II. FURTHER EVIDENCE OF THE THEORY AND ITS APPLICATION IN FOREST ECOLOGY , 1964 .

[59]  J Digby,et al.  The gravitropic set-point angle (GSA): the identification of an important developmentally controlled variable governing plant architecture. , 1995, Plant, cell & environment.

[60]  Marie-Paule Cani,et al.  EcoBrush: Interactive Control of Visually Consistent Large‐Scale Ecosystems , 2017, Comput. Graph. Forum.

[61]  Steven Longay,et al.  TreeSketch: interactive procedural modeling of trees on a tablet , 2012, SBIM '12.

[62]  George Drettakis,et al.  Interactive visualization of complex plant ecosystems , 2002, IEEE Visualization, 2002. VIS 2002..

[63]  BradleyDerek,et al.  Image-based reconstruction and synthesis of dense foliage , 2013 .

[64]  Frans Bongers,et al.  Rainfall and temperature affect tree species distribution in Ghana , 2014, Journal of Tropical Ecology.

[65]  Marc Jaeger,et al.  Basic concepts of computer simulation of plant growth , 1992, Journal of Biosciences.

[66]  John J. Clague,et al.  Temperature, precipitation and related extremes in mountain areas , 2015 .

[67]  LiChuan,et al.  Modeling and generating moving trees from video , 2011 .

[68]  Jernej Barbic,et al.  Interactive authoring of simulation-ready plants , 2013, ACM Trans. Graph..

[69]  Richard H. Waring,et al.  Forest Ecosystem Analysis at Multiple Time and Space Scales , 2007 .

[70]  Paul A. Beardsley,et al.  Image-based reconstruction and synthesis of dense foliage , 2013, ACM Trans. Graph..

[71]  Brendan Lane,et al.  Generating Spatial Distributions for Multilevel Models of Plant Communities , 2002, Graphics Interface.

[72]  Radomír Mech,et al.  Realistic modeling and rendering of plant ecosystems , 1998, SIGGRAPH.

[73]  T. Kira,et al.  A QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF PLANT FORM-THE PIPE MODEL THEORY : I.BASIC ANALYSES , 1964 .

[74]  E OppenheimerPeter,et al.  Real time design and animation of fractal plants and trees , 1986 .

[75]  Jernej Barbic,et al.  Botanical materials based on biomechanics , 2017, ACM Trans. Graph..

[76]  Aristid Lindenmayer,et al.  Mathematical Models for Cellular Interactions in Development , 1968 .

[77]  Marie-Paule Cani,et al.  Authoring landscapes by combining ecosystem and terrain erosion simulation , 2017, ACM Trans. Graph..