Lattice QCD and heavy ion collisions: a review of recent progress

In the last few years, numerical simulations of Quantum chromodynamics on the lattice have reached a new level of accuracy. A wide range of thermodynamic quantities is now available in the continuum limit and for physical quark masses. This allows a comparison with measurements from heavy ion collisions for the first time. Furthermore, calculations of dynamical quantities are also becoming available. The combined effort from first principles and experiment allows us to gain an unprecedented understanding of the properties of quark-gluon plasma. I will review the state-of-the-art results from lattice simulations and connect them to the experimental information from the relativistic heavy ion collider and the large hadron collider.

[1]  Datta,et al.  Electron capture in collisions of He2+ with Li atoms and of Li3+, C6+, and O8+ with He atoms in the high-energy region. , 1986, Physical review. A, General physics.

[2]  C. Ratti.  Lattice QCD: bulk and transport properties of QCD matter , 2016, 1601.02367.

[3]  Jiahua Li,et al.  Two-dimensional atom localization via spontaneous emission in a coherently driven five-level M-type atomic system , 2011 .

[4]  Z. Fodor,et al.  The QCD phase diagram from analytic continuation , 2015, 1507.07510.

[5]  K. Dusling,et al.  Quarkonium above deconfinement as an open quantum system , 2010, 1001.0935.

[6]  P. Hegde.  The QCD equation of state to O(μB4) from lattice QCD , 2014 .

[7]  J. Pawlowski,et al.  Transport coefficients in Yang-Mills theory and QCD. , 2014, Physical review letters.

[8]  M. Laine,et al.  Interpolation of hard and soft dilepton rates , 2014, 1407.7955.

[9]  Yinchang Zhao,et al.  Superconductivity in two-dimensional boron allotropes , 2016 .

[10]  P. Forcrand,et al.  The chiral critical point of Nf = 3 QCD at finite density to the order (μ/T)4 , 2008, 0808.1096.

[11]  A. Bzdak,et al.  Baryon number conservation and the cumulants of the net proton distribution , 2012, 1203.4529.

[12]  M. Laine,et al.  Towards flavour-diffusion coefficient and electrical conductivity without ultraviolet contamination , 2012, 1201.1994.

[13]  M. Kitazawa,et al.  Revealing baryon number fluctuations from proton number fluctuations in relativistic heavy ion collisions , 2011, 1107.2755.

[14]  Z. Fodor,et al.  The order of the quantum chromodynamics transition predicted by the standard model of particle physics , 2006, Nature.

[15]  M. Luscher,et al.  Locality and exponential error reduction in numerical lattice gauge theory , 2001, hep-lat/0108014.

[16]  M. Strickland,et al.  Three-loop HTL QCD thermodynamics , 2011, 1103.2528.

[17]  R. Rapp,et al.  Quarkonia and heavy-quark relaxation times in the quark-gluon plasma , 2010, 1005.0769.

[18]  M. Laine,et al.  Quark mass thresholds in QCD thermodynamics , 2006, hep-ph/0603048.

[19]  Shang‐keng Ma,et al.  S Matrix formulation of statistical mechanics , 1969 .

[20]  Z. Fodor,et al.  Freeze-out parameters from electric charge and baryon number fluctuations: is there consistency? , 2014, Physical review letters.

[21]  Event-by-Event Fluctuations in Heavy Ion Collisions and the QCD Critical Point , 1999, hep-ph/9903292.

[22]  O. Kaczmarek,et al.  In-medium P-wave quarkonium from the complex lattice QCD potential , 2016, 1606.06211.

[23]  Z. Fodor,et al.  Lattice determination of the critical point of QCD at finite T and μ , 2002 .

[24]  H. Meyer.  Calculation of the bulk viscosity in SU(3) gluodynamics. , 2007, Physical review letters.

[25]  Z. Fodor,et al.  Freeze-out parameters: lattice meets experiment. , 2013, Physical review letters.

[26]  Z. Fodor,et al.  Is there still any Tc mystery in lattice QCD? Results with physical masses in the continuum limit III , 2010, 1005.3508.

[27]  W. Cassing,et al.  Charm production in Pb + Pb collisions at energies available at the CERN Large Hadron Collider , 2016 .

[28]  M. Laine,et al.  Lattice constraints on the thermal photon rate , 2016, 1604.07544.

[29]  New forms of QCD matter discovered at RHIC , 2004, nucl-th/0405013.

[30]  C. DeTar,et al.  Fluctuations and Correlations of net baryon number, electric charge, and strangeness: A comparison of lattice QCD results with the hadron resonance gas model , 2012, 1203.0784.

[31]  H. Meyer.  Transport properties of the quark-gluon plasma , 2011, 1104.3708.

[32]  Acceptance dependence of fluctuation measures near the QCD critical point , 2015, 1512.09125.

[33]  Photon and dilepton production in supersymmetric Yang-Mills plasma , 2006, hep-th/0607237.

[34]  R. Rapp,et al.  Selfconsistent evaluation of charm and charmonium in the quark-gluon plasma , 2010, 1012.0019.

[35]  H. Meyer.  Transport properties of the quark-gluon plasma from lattice QCD , 2009, 0907.4095.

[36]  Z. Fodor,et al.  The QCD phase diagram for external magnetic fields , 2011, 1111.4956.

[37]  R. Rapp,et al.  Dilepton radiation at the CERN super-proton synchrotron , 2007, 0711.3444.

[38]  U. Heinz,et al.  Radial and elliptic flow in Pb + Pb collisions at energies available at the CERN Large Hadron Collider from viscous hydrodynamics , 2011, 1105.3226.

[39]  M. Strickland,et al.  Equation of state of hot and dense QCD: resummed perturbation theory confronts lattice data , 2013, 1307.8098.

[40]  A. Rothkopf.  Quarkonia at T > 0 and lattice QCD , 2016, 1611.06518.

[41]  Fluctuations, strangeness, and quasiquarks in heavy-ion collisions from lattice QCD , 2005, hep-lat/0510044.

[42]  Scott Pratt,et al.  Constraining the Equation of State of Superhadronic Matter from Heavy-Ion Collisions. , 2015, Physical review letters.

[43]  G. S. Averichev,et al.  Energy Dependence of Moments of Net-proton Multiplicity Distributions at RHIC , 2013, 1309.5681.

[44]  A. Bzdak,et al.  Multiplicity-dependent and nonbinomial efficiency corrections for particle number cumulants , 2016, 1603.09057.

[45]  Z. Fodor,et al.  Fluctuations of conserved charges at finite temperature from lattice QCD , 2011, 1112.4416.

[46]  Anthony Francis,et al.  Nonperturbative estimate of the heavy quark momentum diffusion coefficient , 2015, 1508.04543.

[47]  Y. Nakahara,et al.  Maximum entropy analysis of the spectral functions in lattice QCD , 2000, hep-lat/0011040.

[48]  P. Forcrand,et al.  The QCD phase diagram for small densities from imaginary chemical potential , 2002, hep-lat/0205016.

[49]  Z. Fodor,et al.  The equation of state in lattice QCD: with physical quark masses towards the continuum limit , 2006 .

[50]  M. Kaneta,et al.  Centrality dependence of thermal parameters deduced from hadron multiplicities in Au + Au collisions at s NN = 130 GeV , 2004, hep-ph/0409071.

[51]  A. Bzdak,et al.  Local efficiency corrections to higher order cumulants , 2013, 1312.4574.

[52]  Jr.,et al.  Measurement of higher cumulants of net-charge multiplicity distributions in Au+Au collisions at √sNN = 7.7-200 GeV , 2015, 1506.07834.

[53]  Braden A. W. Brinkman,et al.  Temperature dependence of interlayer magnetoresistance in anisotropic layered metals , 2008, 0811.4442.

[54]  W. Cassing,et al.  Single electrons from heavy-flavor mesons in relativistic heavy-ion collisions , 2016, 1605.07887.

[55]  N. Brambilla,et al.  Thermal width and quarkonium dissociation by inelastic parton scattering , 2013, 1303.6097.

[56]  F. Karsch.  Determination of freeze-out conditions from lattice QCD calculations , 2012, 1202.4173.

[57]  Z. Fodor,et al.  Static Q¯Q$$ \overline{\mathrm{Q}}\mathrm{Q} $$ pair free energy and screening masses from correlators of Polyakov loops: continuum extrapolated lattice results at the QCD physical point , 2015, 1501.02173.

[58]  S. Weinberg.  Precise Relations between the Spectra of Vector and Axial-Vector Mesons , 1967 .

[59]  N. Brambilla,et al.  Determination of αs from the QCD static energy: An update , 2014, 1407.8437.

[60]  Z. Fodor,et al.  Fluctuations and correlations in high temperature QCD , 2015, 1507.04627.

[61]  S. Sharma,et al.  The melting and abundance of open charm hadrons , 2014, 1404.4043.

[62]  N. Brambilla,et al.  Thermal width and gluo-dissociation of quarkonium in pNRQCD , 2011, 1109.5826.

[63]  G. Moore,et al.  Low mass thermal dilepton production at NLO in a weakly coupled quark-gluon plasma , 2014, 1410.4203.

[64]  A. Francis,et al.  Thermal correlators in the ρ channel of two-flavor QCD , 2012, 1212.4200.

[65]  M. Bleicher,et al.  Nonthermal p/π ratio at LHC as a consequence of hadronic final state interactions. , 2012, Physical review letters.

[66]  M. Stephanov,et al.  Sign of kurtosis near the QCD critical point. , 2011, Physical review letters.

[67]  A. Rothkopf,et al.  Bayesian approach to spectral function reconstruction for Euclidean quantum field theories. , 2013, Physical review letters.

[68]  A. Andronic,et al.  Hadron production in central nucleus-nucleus collisions at chemical freeze-out , 2005, nucl-th/0511071.

[69]  S. Sharma,et al.  Strangeness at high temperatures: from hadrons to quarks. , 2013, Physical review letters.

[70]  F. Sanfilippo,et al.  Screening masses in strong external magnetic fields , 2017, 1703.00842.

[71]  S. Zschocke,et al.  Evaluation of QCD sum rules for light vector mesons at finite density and temperature , 2002, nucl-th/0205057.

[72]  I. Collaboration.  Quark Gluon Plasma an Color Glass Condensate at RHIC? The perspective from the BRAHMS experiment , 2004, nucl-ex/0410020.

[73]  A. Nakamura,et al.  Transport coefficients of a gluon plasma. , 2004, Physical review letters.

[74]  D. Son,et al.  Viscosity in strongly interacting quantum field theories from black hole physics. , 2005, Physical review letters.

[75]  Y. Akamatsu.  Langevin dynamics and decoherence of heavy quarks at high temperatures , 2015, 1503.08110.

[76]  S. Mukherjee,et al.  QCD Phase Transition in a Strong Magnetic Background , 2010, 1005.5365.

[77]  S. Jeon,et al.  Event-by-event anisotropic flow in heavy-ion collisions from combined Yang-Mills and viscous fluid dynamics. , 2012, Physical review letters.

[78]  D. Rischke,et al.  Influence of shear viscosity of quark-gluon plasma on elliptic flow in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions. , 2011, Physical review letters.

[79]  Hiroshi Suzuki,et al.  Thermodynamics of SU (3) gauge theory from gradient flow on the lattice , 2013, 1312.7492.

[80]  G. Aarts,et al.  Electrical conductivity and charge diffusion in thermal QCD from the lattice , 2014, 1412.6411.

[81]  A. Bazavov,et al.  Freeze-out conditions in heavy ion collisions from QCD thermodynamics. , 2012, Physical review letters.

[82]  S. Bass,et al.  200 A GeV Au + Au collisions serve a nearly perfect quark-gluon liquid. , 2010, Physical review letters.

[83]  V. Koch.  Hadronic Fluctuations and Correlations , 2008, 0810.2520.

[84]  H. van Hees,et al.  The Chiral Restoration Transition of QCD and Low Mass Dileptons , 2009, 0901.3289.

[85]  M. D’Onofrio,et al.  Renormalization of null Wilson lines in EQCD , 2014, 1401.7951.

[86]  W. Cassing,et al.  Tomography of the Quark-Gluon-Plasma by Charm Quarks , 2015, 1503.03039.

[87]  P. Braun-Munzinger,et al.  Bridging the gap between event-by-event fluctuation measurements and theory predictions in relativistic nuclear collisions , 2016, 1612.00702.

[88]  T. Wolf,et al.  Muon spin rotation and infrared spectroscopy study of magnetism and superconductivity in Ba1−xKxFe2As2 , 2016, 1610.08593.

[89]  R. Rapp.  Dilepton Spectroscopy of QCD Matter at Collider Energies , 2013, 1304.2309.

[90]  Michael E. Fisher,et al.  Quantized vortex reconnection: Fixed points and initial conditions , 2012 .

[91]  S. Fujimoto,et al.  Dynamical axion in topological superconductors and superfluids , 2013, 1310.4982.

[92]  A. Alexandru,et al.  Sign problem and Monte Carlo calculations beyond Lefschetz thimbles , 2015, 1512.08764.

[93]  S. Bass,et al.  Investigating the collision energy dependence of η/s in the beam energy scan at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider using Bayesian statistics , 2018 .

[94]  R. Bellwied,et al.  Impact of resonance regeneration and decay on the net proton fluctuations in a hadron resonance gas , 2014, 1402.1238.

[95]  Distribution of canonical determinants in QCD , 2014, 1411.4143.

[96]  R. Rapp,et al.  Massive Yang-Mills for Vector and Axial-Vector Spectral Functions at Finite Temperature , 2015, 1510.00454.

[97]  Doping-dependent charge dynamics inCuxBi2Se3 , 2014, 1409.5206.

[98]  A. C. Oliveira Da Silva,et al.  Heavy-flavor production and medium properties in high-energy nuclear collisions --What next? , 2016, 1612.08032.

[99]  H. Kontani,et al.  Superconductivity pairing mechanism from cobalt impurity doping in FeSe: Spin ( s ± ) or orbital ( s + + ) fluctuation , 2015, 1508.04605.

[100]  P. Petreczky,et al.  Publisher's Note: Static quark-antiquark free energy and the running coupling at finite temperature [Phys. Rev. D, PRVDAQ, 0556-2821 70, 074505 (2004)] , 2005 .

[101]  S. Ejiri.  Canonical partition function and finite density phase transition in lattice QCD , 2008, 0804.3227.

[102]  M. Laine,et al.  NLO thermal dilepton rate at non-zero momentum , 2013, 1310.0164.

[103]  E. al.,et al.  Experimental and theoretical challenges in the search for the quark-gluon plasma: The STAR Collaboration's critical assessment of the evidence from RHIC collisions , 2005, nucl-ex/0501009.

[104]  C. Henderson,et al.  The PHOBOS Perspective on Discoveries at RHIC , 2005 .

[105]  R. Rapp,et al.  Is ρ-meson melting compatible with chiral restoration? , 2013, 1311.2921.

[106]  F. Sanfilippo,et al.  Anisotropy of the quark-antiquark potential in a magnetic field , 2014, 1403.6094.

[107]  F. Renzo,et al.  The strongly interacting Quark Gluon Plasma, and the critical behaviour of QCD at imaginary chemical potential , 2007, 0705.3814.

[108]  Z. Fodor,et al.  QCD equation of state at nonzero chemical potential: continuum results with physical quark masses at order μ2 , 2012, 1204.6710.

[109]  U. Heinz,et al.  Extracting the QGP viscosity from RHIC data—a status report from viscous hydrodynamics , 2008, 0812.4274.

[110]  G. S. Averichev,et al.  Beam Energy Dependence of Moments of the Net-charge Multiplicity Distributions in Au + Au Collisions at Rhic Accessed Terms of Use Detailed Terms , 2022 .

[111]  A. Rothkopf,et al.  A gauge invariant Debye mass and the complex heavy-quark potential , 2015, 1506.08684.

[112]  R. Bellwied,et al.  Sensitivity of multiplicity fluctuations to freeze-out conditions in heavy ion collisions , 2015, 1504.03262.

[113]  Equation of state at finite temperature and chemical potential, lattice QCD results , 2004, hep-lat/0401016.

[114]  Sa Das.  Identified particle production and freeze-out properties in heavy-ion collisions at RHIC Beam Energy Scan program , 2014, 1412.0499.

[115]  R. Rapp,et al.  Hadronic modes and quark properties in the quark-gluon plasma , 2005 .

[116]  C. DeTar,et al.  Chiral and deconfinement aspects of the QCD transition , 2011, 1111.1710.

[117]  O. Kaczmarek,et al.  Static quark-antiquark potential in the quark-gluon plasma from lattice QCD. , 2014, Physical review letters.

[118]  A. Andronic,et al.  Erratum to “Thermal hadron production in relativistic nuclear collisions: The hadron mass spectrum, the horn, and the QCD phase transition” [Phys. Lett. B 673 (2009) 142] , 2009 .

[119]  N. Brambilla,et al.  Static quark-antiquark pairs at finite temperature , 2008, 0804.0993.

[120]  R. Venugopalan,et al.  Thermal properties of interacting hadrons , 1992 .

[121]  A. Rothkopf.  A first look at Bottomonium melting via a stochastic potential , 2013, 1312.3246.

[122]  Z. Q. Zhang,et al.  Coalescence of exceptional points and phase diagrams for one-dimensional PT -symmetric photonic crystals , 2015, 1509.07948.

[123]  H. Ebert,et al.  Anisotropic exchange coupling in diluted magnetic semiconductors : Ab initio spin-density functional theory , 2009 .

[124]  H. Ding,et al.  Thermal dilepton rate and electrical conductivity: An analysis of vector current correlation functions in quenched lattice QCD , 2010, 1012.4963.

[125]  Z. Fodor,et al.  Calculation of the axion mass based on high-temperature lattice quantum chromodynamics , 2016, Nature.

[126]  F. Becattini,et al.  Energy and system size dependence of chemical freeze-out in relativistic nuclear collisions , 2005, hep-ph/0511092.

[127]  M. Stephanov,et al.  Signatures of the Tricritical Point in QCD , 1998, hep-ph/9806219.

[128]  M. Lombardo,et al.  The bottomonium spectrum at finite temperature from Nf = 2 + 1 lattice QCD , 2014, 1402.6210.

[129]  Y. Burnier,et al.  Contribution of next-to-leading order and Landau-Pomeranchuk-Migdal corrections to thermal dilepton emission in heavy-ion collisions , 2016 .

[130]  Iip,et al.  Critical point in the phase diagram of primordial quark-gluon matter from black hole physics , 2017, 1706.00455.

[131]  E. Fraga,et al.  INTERACTING QUARK MATTER EQUATION OF STATE FOR COMPACT STARS , 2013, 1311.5154.

[132]  N. Brambilla,et al.  Polyakov loop in 2 + 1 flavor QCD from low to high temperatures , 2016, 1603.06637.

[133]  Massimo Lamanna,et al.  Lattice QCD thermodynamics on the Grid , 2009, Comput. Phys. Commun..

[134]  W. E. Baylis,et al.  Sufficient condition for the coherent control of n -qubit systems , 2007, quant-ph/0703220.

[135]  McLerran,et al.  Photon and dilepton emission from the quark-gluon plasma: Some general considerations. , 1985, Physical review. D, Particles and fields.

[136]  G. Endrödi.  Critical point in the QCD phase diagram for extremely strong background magnetic fields , 2015, Journal of High Energy Physics.

[137]  R. Rapp.  Hadrochemistry and evolution of (anti)baryon densities in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions , 2002 .

[138]  Z. Fodor,et al.  The chiral magnetic effect from lattice QCD , 2014 .

[139]  F. Becattini,et al.  Hadronization conditions in relativistic nuclear collisions and the QCD pseudo-critical line , 2016, 1605.09694.

[140]  P. Faccioli,et al.  Heavy quark bound states in a quark–gluon plasma: Dissociation and recombination , 2015, 1503.03857.

[141]  A. Schäfer,et al.  Lattice study of the jet quenching parameter. , 2013, Physical review letters.

[142]  A. Hayat,et al.  Photonic Bell-state analysis based on semiconductor-superconductor structures , 2017, 1702.03944.

[143]  J. G. Contreras,et al.  Higher harmonic anisotropic flow measurements of charged particles in Pb-Pb collisions at sqrt(s(NN)) = 2.76  TeV. , 2011, Physical review letters.

[144]  Matthias Troyer,et al.  Computational complexity and fundamental limitations to fermionic quantum Monte Carlo simulations , 2004, Physical review letters.

[145]  Z. Fodor,et al.  Full result for the QCD equation of state with 2+1 flavors , 2013, 1309.5258.

[146]  A. Rothkopf,et al.  Stochastic potential and quantum decoherence of heavy quarkonium in the quark-gluon plasma , 2011, 1110.1203.

[147]  Ulrich Heinz,et al.  Applying Bayesian parameter estimation to relativistic heavy-ion collisions: simultaneous characterization of the initial state and quark-gluon plasma medium , 2016, 1605.03954.

[148]  A. Beraudo,et al.  Real and imaginary-time QQ¯ correlators in a thermal medium , 2007, 0712.4394.

[149]  J. W. Halley,et al.  Diffusion Monte Carlo calculation of rate of elastic transmission of a helium vapor beam through a slab of superfluid helium , 2011 .

[150]  F. Karsch.  Lattice QCD results on cumulant ratios at freeze-out , 2016, 1611.01973.

[151]  E. al.,et al.  Formation of dense partonic matter in relativistic nucleus–nucleus collisions at RHIC: Experimental evaluation by the PHENIX Collaboration , 2004, nucl-ex/0410003.

[152]  U. Heinz,et al.  Hydrodynamic flow in heavy-ion collisions with large hadronic viscosity , 2011, 1101.3703.

[153]  J. Matias,et al.  A new relation between the zero of $A_{FB}$ in $B^0 \to K^* \mu^+\mu^-$ and the anomaly in $P_5^\prime$ , 2014, 1402.6855.

[154]  M. Bleicher,et al.  Conserved charge fluctuations are not conserved during the hadronic phase , 2016, 1608.03737.

[155]  N. Borghini,et al.  Heavy quarkonia in a medium as a quantum dissipative system: master-equation approach , 2011, 1109.4271.

[156]  Z. Fodor,et al.  A New method to study lattice QCD at finite temperature and chemical potential , 2001 .

[157]  A. Schäfer,et al.  The QCD equation of state in background magnetic fields , 2014, 1406.0269.

[158]  K. Redlich.  Probing the QCD chiral cross-over transition in heavy ion collisions , 2012, 1207.2610.

[159]  P. Romatschke,et al.  Viscosity information from relativistic nuclear collisions: how perfect is the fluid observed at RHIC? , 2007, Physical review letters.

[160]  Y. Akamatsu.  Real-time quantum dynamics of heavy quark systems at high temperature , 2012, 1209.5068.

[162]  R. Venugopalan,et al.  Eccentric protons? Sensitivity of flow to system size and shape in p+p, p+Pb, and Pb+Pb collisions. , 2014, Physical review letters.

[163]  P. Petreczky,et al.  In-medium quarkonium properties from a lattice QCD based effective field theory , 2015, 1512.05289.

[164]  A. Andronic,et al.  Thermal hadron production in relativistic nuclear collisions: The hadron mass spectrum, the horn, and the QCD phase transition , 2009 .

[165]  A. Lamacraft,et al.  Spinodal decomposition in polarized Fermi superfluids , 2007, cond-mat/0701692.

[166]  Z. Fodor,et al.  Charmonium spectral functions from 2+1 flavour lattice QCD , 2014, 1401.5940.

[167]  R. Rapp,et al.  An in-Medium Heavy-Quark Potential from the $Q\bar{Q}$ Free Energy , 2015, 1501.07892.

[168]  Zoltán Fodor,et al.  The QCD equation of state with dynamical quarks , 2010, 1007.2580.

[169]  G. Moore,et al.  Jet-medium interactions at NLO in a weakly-coupled quark-gluon plasma , 2015, 1509.07773.

[170]  C. Reichhardt,et al.  Orientational Ordering, Buckling, and Dynamic Transitions for Vortices Interacting with a Periodic Quasi-One Dimensional Substrate , 2015, 1508.05402.

[171]  F. Sanfilippo,et al.  Thermodynamics of two flavor QCD from imaginary chemical potentials , 2009, 0904.1400.

[172]  A. Bzdak,et al.  Acceptance corrections to net baryon and net charge cumulants , 2012, 1206.4286.

[173]  M. Laine.  A non-perturbative contribution to jet quenching , 2012, 1208.5707.

[174]  F. Becattini,et al.  Hadron formation in relativistic nuclear collisions and the QCD phase diagram. , 2012, Physical review letters.

[175]  T. Lippert,et al.  High-precision scale setting in lattice QCD , 2012, 1203.4469.

[176]  R. Bellwied,et al.  Freeze-out conditions from net-proton and net-charge fluctuations at RHIC , 2014, 1403.4903.

[177]  Z. Fodor,et al.  Is there a flavor hierarchy in the deconfinement transition of QCD? , 2013, Physical review letters.

[178]  Lattice QCD at finite density via a new canonical approach , 2005, hep-lat/0507020.

[179]  J. Randrup,et al.  Baryon-strangeness correlations: a diagnostic of strongly interacting matter. , 2005, Physical review letters.

[180]  E. Laermann,et al.  QCD thermal phase transition in the presence of a small chemical potential , 2002 .

[181]  Hongbo Zhao,et al.  t-J model for a bilayer: Coexisting superconductivity and planar-flux phases , 2005 .

[183]  S. Bass,et al.  Erratum: 200AGeVAu+AuCollisions Serve a Nearly Perfect Quark-Gluon Liquid [Phys. Rev. Lett.106, 192301 (2011)] , 2012 .

[184]  R. Rapp,et al.  Resolving the antibaryon-production puzzle in high-energy heavy-ion collisions. , 2000, Physical review letters.

[185]  Z. Fodor,et al.  Constraining the hadronic spectrum through QCD thermodynamics on the lattice , 2017, 1702.01113.

[186]  T. Heikkila,et al.  Stimulated quasiparticles in spin-split superconductors , 2015, 1511.00817.

[187]  S. Sharma,et al.  Additional strange hadrons from QCD thermodynamics and strangeness freezeout in heavy ion collisions. , 2014, Physical review letters.

[188]  M. D’Elia,et al.  Imaginary chemical potentials and the phase of the fermionic determinant , 2007, 0707.1987.

[189]  Z. Fodor,et al.  Critical point of QCD at finite T and mu, lattice results for physical quark masses , 2004, hep-lat/0402006.

[190]  U. Heinz,et al.  The Road to Precision: Extraction of the Specific Shear Viscosity of the Quark-Gluon Plasma , 2015, 1507.01558.

[191]  Low-temperature electronic properties of Sr 2 RuO 4 . II. Superconductivity , 2002, cond-mat/0208307.

[192]  G. Denicol,et al.  Bulk viscosity effects in event-by-event relativistic hydrodynamics , 2013, 1305.1981.

[193]  J. Noronha,et al.  Dynamical vs. Equilibrium Properties of the QCD Phase Transition , 2017, 1704.05558.

[194]  K. Redlich,et al.  Volume Fluctuations and Higher Order Cumulants of the Net Baryon Number , 2012, 1205.4756.

[195]  N. Brambilla,et al.  Gauge invariant definition of the jet quenching parameter , 2012, 1208.5927.

[196]  M. Floris.  Hadron yields and the phase diagram of strongly interacting matter , 2014, 1408.6403.

[197]  E.V.Shuryak.  What RHIC Experiments and Theory tell us about Properties of Quark-Gluon Plasma ? , 2004, hep-ph/0405066.

[198]  F. Giazotto,et al.  Coherent transport properties of a three-terminal hybrid superconducting interferometer , 2016, 1611.09285.

[199]  Rajan Gupta,et al.  QCD phase transition with chiral quarks and physical quark masses. , 2014, Physical review letters.

[200]  Y. Akamatsu.  Heavy quark master equations in the Lindblad form at high temperatures , 2014, 1403.5783.

[201]  L. Taillefer,et al.  Universal V-shaped temperature-pressure phase diagram in the iron-based superconductors KFe2As2 ,R bFe2As2 ,a nd CsFe2As2 , 2014, 1412.6196.

[202]  Liang-Kai Wu,et al.  Phase structure of lattice QCD with two flavors of Wilson quarks at finite temperature and chemical potential , 2006, hep-lat/0611035.

[203]  M. Bonitz,et al.  Superfluidity of strongly correlated bosons in two- and three-dimensional traps , 2014, 1410.0878.