Prävention und Therapie der Adipositas

Ergebnisse: Die Adipositas (Body-mass-Index [BMI] ≥ 30 kg/m) wird als chronische Krankheit charakterisiert. Der Prävention kommt eine besondere Bedeutung zu. Zur Gewichtsabnahme bei Adipositas und zur Stabilisierung eines reduzierten Gewichts wird eine Kost mit einem Energiedefizit von 500 kcal/d und geringer Energiedichte empfohlen. Die Relation der Makronährstoffe ist für die Gewichtsabnahme zweitrangig. Übersteigt der BMI 30 kg/m, können zeitlich begrenzt Formulaprodukte eingesetzt werden. Vermehrte Bewegung im Alltag und in der Freizeit begünstigt die Gewichtsabnahme und verbessert Risikofaktoren und Adipositas-assoziierte Krankheiten. Eine Verhaltensmodifikation beziehungsweise Verhaltenstherapie unterstützt eine Änderung der Ernährung und Bewegung im Alltag. Bezüglich einer Lebensstiländerung gibt es keine wissenschaftliche Evidenz für eine bestimmte Abfolge der Maßnahmen. Empfehlenswert sind Gewichtsreduktionsprogramme, deren Wirksamkeit wissenschaftlich evaluiert ist. Chirurgische Interventionen sind im Vergleich zu konservativen Maßnahmen hinsichtlich der Reduktion des Körperfetts, Besserung von Adipositas-assoziierten Krankheiten und Senkung des Sterblichkeitsrisikos effektiver. Innerhalb von ein bis zwei Jahren ist eine Gewichtsabnahme von circa 4 bis 6 kg unter Ernährungstherapie, von circa 2 bis 3 kg unter Bewegungstherapie und von 20 bis 40 kg nach einer bariatrischen Operation in kontrollierten Studien festzustellen.

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