A Framework for Culture Assessment

Understanding the nature and influences of culture is central to international business. Such inquiry presupposes knowing that the cultural grouping(s) of a study is a valid unit of analysis, which is critical in that the estimation of culture effects can vary based on the unit definition. Unfortunately, perhaps out of convenience, international studies often simply use a country-based definition of culture. In a desire to facilitate further development in understanding culture effects, in this paper, we propose a framework by which valid cultural groupings may be assessed.

[1]  Nancy J. Adler,et al.  Cross-Cultural Management Research: The Ostrich and the Trend. , 1983 .

[2]  Karlene H. Roberts,et al.  On looking at an elephant: An evaluation of cross-cultural research related to organizations. , 1970 .

[3]  Alfred G. Meyer,et al.  Culture, a critical review of concepts and definitions , 1953 .

[4]  Terry L. Childers,et al.  The Influence of Familial and Peer-Based Reference Groups on Consumer Decisions , 1992 .

[5]  N. Feather.  Values in education and society , 1975 .

[6]  N. Adler.  A Typology of Management Studies Involving Culture , 1983 .

[7]  S. Schwartz.  Universals in the Content and Structure of Values: Theoretical Advances and Empirical Tests in 20 Countries , 1992 .

[8]  R. Green,et al.  Cross-Cultural Examination of the Fishbein Behavioral Intentions Model , 1991 .

[9]  Saeed Samiee,et al.  Cross-cultural research in advertising: An assessment of methodologies , 1994 .

[10]  S. Schwartz,et al.  Toward A Universal Psychological Structure of Human Values , 1987 .

[11]  David A. Ricks,et al.  Recent Developments in International Management Research , 1990 .

[12]  M. Tayeb,et al.  Organizations and National Culture: A Comparative Analysis , 1988 .

[13]  M. Rokeach.  The Nature Of Human Values , 1974 .

[14]  T. Jick.  Mixing Qualitative and Quantitative Methods: Triangulation in Action. , 1979 .

[15]  H. Triandis.  Cross-cultural industrial and organizational psychology. , 1994 .

[16]  G. Hofstede,et al.  Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind , 1991 .

[17]  Mark F. Peterson,et al.  The Manager as Mediator of Alternative Meanings: A pilot Study from China, The USA and U.K. , 1996 .

[18]  W. Kamakura,et al.  Value Segmentation: A Model for the Measurement of Values and Value Systems , 1991 .

[19]  Clyde Kluckhohn,et al.  Culture and behavior , 1965 .

[20]  T. Clark,et al.  International Marketing and National Character: A Review and Proposal for an Integrative Theory , 1990 .

[21]  S. Schwartz.  Beyond individualism/collectivism: New cultural dimensions of values. , 1994 .

[22]  Jagdip Singh,et al.  Measurement Issues in Cross-National Research , 1995 .

[23]  Michael Steiner,et al.  Mapping American Culture , 1992 .

[24]  Nancy J. Adler,et al.  Cross-Cultural Interaction: The International Comparison Fallacy? , 1989 .

[25]  Michael Harris Bond,et al.  On the Empirical Identification of Dimensions for Cross-Cultural Comparisons , 1989 .

[26]  P. Earley.  East Meets West Meets Mideast: Further Explorations Of Collectivistic and Individualistic Work Groups , 1993 .

[27]  Geert Hofstede,et al.  Cultural roots of economic performance: A research noteA , 1991 .

[28]  Michael R. Mullen.  Diagnosing Measurement Equivalence in Cross-National Research , 1995 .

[29]  Ajay Das,et al.  Methodological Issues in Empirical Cross-cultural Research: A Survey of the Management Literature , 1997 .

[30]  Charles Hampden-Turner,et al.  Mastering the Infinite Game: How East Asian Values are Transforming Business Practices , 2001 .

[31]  A. Maslow.  Motivation and Personality , 1954 .

[32]  Jacob Bronowski,et al.  Science and Human Values , 1956 .

[33]  C. Craig,et al.  International Marketing Research , 1983 .

[34]  A. Kimball Romney,et al.  Variations in value orientations. , 1961 .

[35]  S. Schwartz,et al.  Toward a theory of the universal content and structure of values: Extensions and cross-cultural replications. , 1990 .

[36]  Preet S. Aulakh,et al.  An Assessment of Theoretical and Methodological Development in International Marketing: 1980-1990 , 1993 .

[37]  N. Adler,et al.  The Parochial Dinosaur: Organizational Science in a Global Context , 1991 .

[38]  Nancy J. Adler,et al.  Academic and Professional Communities of Discourse: Generating Knowledge on Transnational Human Resource Management , 1992 .

[39]  P. Earley,et al.  Culture, self-identity, and work , 1993 .