Mobility: Discourses from the Non‐western Immigrant Groups in Norway

What happens when roots are replaced by routes? What happens when mobility becomes one of the primary tools for finding a niche in a different land and context? In an attempt to explore these themes, this paper touches upon emergent ideas regarding mobility, and delves into the inter‐connectedness of spatial and social mobility. Mobility signifies more than ‘movement’ and can act as a catalyst for enhancing life conditions. The study examines the debate over social exclusion, freedom, ethics, sustainable mobility and capability approach in the context of non‐western immigrants in Norway, and presents arguments from a social perspective to strengthen the mobility regime of immigrants. The study concludes that mobility provides capabilities to become active participants in the social and economic morphology of a society. It further suggests that societies need to adopt the framework of capability approach while examining issues related to the integration of immigrants into the host society.

[1]  Margaret Grieco,et al.  THE SOCIAL EXCLUSION IMPACTS OF TRAFFIC RESTRAINT POLICIES , 2003 .

[2]  B. Latour.  We Have Never Been Modern , 1991 .

[3]  John Urry,et al.  Social Relations and Spatial Structures , 1986 .

[4]  Glenn Lyons,et al.  The introduction of social exclusion into the field of travel behaviour , 2003 .

[5]  Karen Lucas,et al.  Transport, the Environment and Social Exclusion , 2001 .

[6]  Fritjof Capra,et al.  The Turning Point: Science, Society and the Rising Culture , 1982 .

[7]  A. Sen,et al.  Inequality Re-examined , 1995 .

[8]  A. Giddens.  Modernity and Self-Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age , 1992, The New Social Theory Reader.

[9]  P M Jones,et al.  MOBILITY AND THE INDIVIDUAL IN WESTERN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY. IN: THE AUTOMOBILE , 1985 .

[10]  Julian Hine,et al.  Transport Disadvantage and Social Exclusion , 2003 .

[11]  J. Urry,et al.  Economies of signs and space , 1994 .

[12]  M. Turshen.  Development as Freedom , 2001 .

[13]  K. Lucas.  Making the connections: final report on transport and social exclusion , 2003 .

[14]  Celeste Langan.  Mobility Disability , 2001 .

[15]  F. Rajé,et al.  Transport, Demand Management and Social Inclusion: The Need for Ethnic Perspectives , 2004 .

[16]  Ingrid. Robeyns.  Gender inequality: a capability perspective. , 2002 .

[17]  James A. Dunn,et al.  Driving Forces: The Automobile, Its Enemies, and the Politics of Mobility , 1998 .

[18]  A. Sen,et al.  Capability and Well-Being , 1991 .

[19]  Gerald L. Houseman.  The right of mobility , 1979 .

[20]  A. Knie.  Eigenzeit und Eigenraum : Zur Dialektik von Mobilität und Verkehr , 1997 .

[21]  Manfred M. Fischer,et al.  Transportation Planning in a Changing World , 1987 .

[22]  M. Featherstone.  Consumer Culture and Postmodernism , 1991 .

[23]  K. Axhausen,et al.  Mobility as a function of social and spatial factors: the case of the Upper Austria Region , 1999 .

[24]  Toru Nakamura.  WHITE PAPER, European transport policy for 2010 : time to decide , 2004 .

[25]  J. Urry.  Sociology beyond societies : mobilities for the twenty-first century , 2000 .

[26]  Q. Wodon,et al.  Poor areas, or only poor people? , 1999 .

[27]  S. Bentley,et al.  The grapes of wrath , 2006, Nature Reviews Microbiology.

[28]  J. Wolff.  On the Road Again: Metaphors of Travel in Cultural Criticism , 1993, Undoing Place?.

[29]  Peter Jones,et al.  'Encouraging behavioural change through marketing and management: what can be achieved?' Resource paper at the 10th International Conference on Travel Behaviour Research, Lucerne, 10-15 August , 2003 .

[30]  M. Nussbaum,et al.  Internal Criticism and Indian Rationalist Traditions , 1987 .

[31]  Glenn Lyons,et al.  Social Exclusion and Transport in the UK: A Role for Virtual Accessibility in the Alleviation of Mobility-Related Social Exclusion? , 2003, Journal of Social Policy.

[32]  Frank Mueller,et al.  Societal Effect, Organizational Effect and Globalization , 1994 .

[33]  Z. Bauman.  Intimations of postmodernity , 1991 .

[34]  Todd Litman,et al.  Social Inclusion As A Transport Planning Issue in Canada Contribution To The FIA Foundation G7 COMPARISON , 2003 .

[35]  L. Bondi,et al.  Mapping the Futures: Local Cultures, Global Change , 1993 .

[36]  CITIZENS OF MULTICULTURAL STATES: POWER AND LEGITIMACY , 2003 .

[37]  THE IMPORTANCE OF BEING GOOD: POWER AND MORALITY IN NORWEGIAN IMMIGRATION POLITICS , 2003 .

[38]  Chris Carter,et al.  New Deals, No Wheels: Social Exclusion, Tele-options and Electronic Ontology , 2000 .

[39]  J. Levine,et al.  Congestion pricing's conditional promise: promotion of accessibility or mobility? , 2002 .

[40]  Julian Hine,et al.  Transport Disadvantage and Social Exclusion: Exclusionary Mechanisms in Transport in Urban Scotland , 2003 .

[41]  H. Yeung.  Capital, State and Space: Contesting the Borderless World , 1998 .

[42]  S. Macintyre,et al.  Area, Class and Health: Should we be Focusing on Places or People? , 1993, Journal of Social Policy.