Synthesis and application of epoxy resins: A review

Abstract Epoxy resins have been widely used for coatings, electronic materials, adhesives, and matrices for fiber-reinforced composites because of their outstanding mechanical properties, high adhesion strength, good heat resistance, and high electrical resistance. The final properties of cured epoxy resins are affected by the type of epoxy resin, curing agent, and curing process. This paper aims to review the synthesis, curing process, and application of epoxy resins.

[1]  M. R. Kessler,et al.  Liquid crystalline epoxy resin based on biphenyl mesogen: Thermal characterization , 2013 .

[2]  Chun-Shan Wang,et al.  Modification of epoxy resins with polysiloxane thermoplastic polyurethane for electronic encapsulation: 1 , 1996 .

[3]  G. Vaganov,et al.  Characterization and corrosion protection properties of epoxy powder coatings containing nanoclays , 2013 .

[4]  Soo-Jin Park,et al.  Effect of Biodegradable Epoxidized Castor Oil on Physicochemical and Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Resins , 2004 .

[5]  Hye-Ryeon Yu,et al.  Effects of oxyfluorination on a multi-walled carbon nanotube electrode for a high-performance glucose sensor , 2012 .

[6]  Soo-Jin Park,et al.  Thermal stabilities and dynamic mechanical properties of sulfone-containing epoxy resin cured with anhydride , 2004 .

[7]  Soo-Jin Park,et al.  Synthesis of a novel siloxane-containing diamine for increasing flexibility of epoxy resins , 2005 .

[8]  P. Parikh,et al.  Corrosion inhibition effectiveness of zeolite ZSM-5 coating on mild steel against various organic acids and its antimicrobial activity , 2013 .

[9]  Y. Sung,et al.  Properties of epoxy-amine networks containing nanostructured ether-crosslinked domains , 2012 .

[10]  Young-Seak Lee,et al.  Effect of oxyfluorination on electromagnetic interference shielding of polypyrrole-coated multi-walled carbon nanotubes , 2012 .

[11]  C. Lim,et al.  Synthesis of PPy/silica nanocomposites with cratered surfaces and their application in heavy metal extraction , 2012 .

[12]  Soojin Park,et al.  Recent Advances in Carbon-Nanotube-Based Epoxy Composites , 2013 .

[13]  Soojin Park,et al.  Isothermal cure kinetics of epoxy/phenol‐novolac resin blend system initiated by cationic latent thermal catalyst , 2000 .

[14]  E. Kandare,et al.  Evaluating the influence of varied fire-retardant surface coatings on post-heat flexural properties of glass/epoxy composites , 2013 .

[15]  Soojin Park,et al.  A study of oxyfluorination of multi-walled carbon nanotubes on mechanical interfacial properties of epoxy matrix nanocomposites , 2004 .

[16]  R. Cheng,et al.  Synthesis and characterization of high-performance epoxy resin based on disiloxane and 4,4′-oxybis(benzoic acid) ester , 2012 .

[17]  Chun-Shan Wang,et al.  Synthesis of novel trifunctional epoxy resins and their modification with polydimethylsiloxane for electronic application , 1997 .

[18]  Xiaodong Wang,et al.  Synthesis, characterization, and cure properties of phosphorus-containing epoxy resins for flame retardance , 2004 .

[19]  A. Mohamed,et al.  The role of water vapor in carbon nanotube formation via water-assisted chemical vapor deposition of methane , 2012 .

[20]  Wanshuang Liu,et al.  Phosphorus-containing liquid cycloaliphatic epoxy resins for reworkable environment-friendly electronic packaging materials , 2010 .

[21]  Qing Xin Zhang,et al.  Functionalization of nanodiamond with epoxy monomer , 2011 .

[22]  Soo-Jin Park,et al.  Preparation and physical properties of hollow glass microspheres-reinforced epoxy matrix resins , 2005 .

[23]  V. Tan,et al.  Mechanical characterization of interfaces in epoxy-clay nanocomposites by molecular simulations , 2013 .

[24]  W. Daud,et al.  New class of liquid crystalline epoxy resins: Synthesis and properties , 2012 .

[25]  Soojin Park,et al.  Thermal properties and toughness performance of hyperbranched-polyimide-modified epoxy resins , 2006 .

[26]  Chun-Shan Wang,et al.  Novel phosphorus-containing epoxy resins Part I. Synthesis and properties , 2001 .

[27]  B. Fu,et al.  Ambient cure POSS–epoxy matrices for marine composites , 2010 .

[28]  Yamamoto,et al.  Super Water- and Oil-Repellent Surfaces Resulting from Fractal Structure. , 1998, Journal of colloid and interface science.

[29]  D. Dutta,et al.  Fluid Uptake Behavior of Multifunctional Epoxy Blends , 2013 .

[30]  Soojin Park,et al.  Synthesis of a Novel Phosphorus-containing Flame Retardant for Epoxy Resins , 2009 .

[31]  J. Jang,et al.  Fabrication of carbon nanotubes from conducting polymer precursor as field emitter , 2012 .

[32]  C. R. Nair,et al.  Progress in shape memory epoxy resins , 2013 .

[33]  D. McDowell,et al.  Deformation of epoxy shape memory polymer foam. Part I: Experiments and macroscale constitutive modeling , 2010 .

[34]  T. Seto,et al.  Facile method to prepare magnetic multi-walled carbon nanotubes by in situ co-precipitation route , 2012 .

[35]  Rongjie Yang,et al.  Pyrolysis and fire behaviour of epoxy resin composites based on a phosphorus-containing polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (DOPO-POSS) , 2011 .

[36]  M. Messori,et al.  Photo-cured epoxy networks reinforced with TiO2 in-situ generated by means of non-hydrolytic sol–gel process , 2012 .

[37]  MinYoung Shon,et al.  Corrosion protection by epoxy coating containing multi-walled carbon nanotubes , 2013 .

[38]  K. Rhee,et al.  Fabrication of high pressure hydrogen adsorption/desorption unit—Adsorption study on flame synthesized carbon nanofibers , 2013 .

[39]  J. Shin,et al.  Physicochemical and mechanical interfacial properties of trifluorometryl groups containing epoxy resin cured with amine , 2005 .

[40]  Soo-Jin Park,et al.  Thermal and mechanical properties of tetrafunctional epoxy resin toughened with epoxidized soybean oil , 2004 .

[41]  Xiaodong Wang,et al.  Synthesis, characterization, thermal properties and flame retardancy of a novel nonflammable phosphazene-based epoxy resin , 2009 .

[42]  Weiqu Liu,et al.  Synthesis and properties of transparent cycloaliphatic epoxy―silicone resins for opto-electronic devices packaging , 2013 .

[43]  Soojin Park,et al.  Polymer matrices for carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composites , 2013 .

[44]  H. Deka,et al.  Biodegradation, cytocompatability and performance studies of vegetable oil based hyperbranched polyurethane modified biocompatible sulfonated epoxy resin/clay nanocomposites , 2013 .

[45]  X. Ramis,et al.  Efficient impact resistance improvement of epoxy/anhydride thermosets by adding hyperbranched polyesters partially modified with undecenoyl chains , 2012 .

[46]  Soojin Park,et al.  Thermal stability and toughening of epoxy resin with polysulfone resin , 2001 .

[47]  Soojin Park,et al.  Thermo-mechanical behaviors of epoxy resins reinforced with nano-Al2O3 particles , 2012 .

[48]  A. Jannesari,et al.  Curing kinetics of solid epoxy/DDM/nanoclay: Isoconversional models versus fitting model , 2013 .

[49]  B. Ramezanzadeh,et al.  The effects of zinc aluminum phosphate (ZPA) and zinc aluminum polyphosphate (ZAPP) mixtures on corrosion inhibition performance of epoxy/polyamide coating , 2013 .

[50]  X. Ramis,et al.  UV generation of a multifunctional hyperbranched thermal crosslinker to cure epoxy resins , 2011 .

[51]  V. Pham,et al.  Synthesis of epoxy encapsulated organoclay nanocomposite latex via phase inversion emulsification and its gas barrier property , 2014 .

[52]  N. Tudorachi,et al.  Thermal behavior of some organic/inorganic composites based on epoxy resin and calcium carbonate obtained from conch shell of Rapana thomasiana , 2012 .

[53]  Hongcheng Sun,et al.  Composite membranes based on fully sulfonated poly(aryl ether ketone)/epoxy resin/different curing agents for direct methanol fuel cells , 2013 .

[54]  H. Voorwald,et al.  Effect of fiber surface on flexural strength in carbon fabric reinforced epoxy composites , 2013 .

[55]  I. Chin,et al.  Synthesis and characterization of polylactide–poly(methyl methacrylate) copolymer by combining of ROP and AGET ATRP , 2012 .

[56]  E. Han,et al.  Protection of epoxy coatings containing polyaniline modified ultra-short glass fibers , 2013 .

[57]  M. Galià,et al.  Silicon-containing flame retardant epoxy resins: Synthesis, characterization and properties , 2006 .

[58]  Young-Seak Lee,et al.  Preparation of poly(vinyl alcohol)/poly(acrylic acid)/TiO2/carbon nanotube composite nanofibers and their photobleaching properties , 2012 .

[59]  A. Ureña,et al.  New alignment procedure of magnetite–CNT hybrid nanofillers on epoxy bulk resin with permanent magnets , 2013 .

[60]  Yao-Yi Cheng,et al.  Comparison of polyimide/multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWNT) nanocomposites by in situ polymerization and blending , 2010 .

[61]  T. Yamauchi,et al.  Immobilization of flame-retardant onto silica nanoparticle surface and properties of epoxy resin filled with the flame-retardant-immobilized silica (2) , 2013 .

[62]  C. A. May,et al.  Epoxy Resins: Chemistry and Technology , 1973 .

[63]  Wanshuang Liu,et al.  Synthesis and properties of two novel silicon‐containing cycloaliphatic epoxy resins for electronic packaging application , 2012 .

[64]  Soojin Park,et al.  Cure behavior of diglycidylether of bisphenol A/trimethylolpropane triglycidylether epoxy blends initiated by thermal latent catalyst , 2000 .

[65]  H. Al-Turaif Relationship between tensile properties and film formation kinetics of epoxy resin reinforced with nanofibrillated cellulose , 2013 .

[66]  Ming-Chun Lee,et al.  Synthesis of tetrafunctional epoxy resins and their modification with polydimethylsiloxane for electronic application , 1996 .

[67]  Shyh-Shin Hwang,et al.  Effects of silica particle size on the structure and properties of polypropylene/silica composites foams , 2013 .

[68]  I. Hong,et al.  Diluent filler particle size effect for thermal stability of epoxy type resin , 2012 .

[69]  R. M. Mohamed Radiation induced modification of NBR and SBR montmorillonite nanocomposites , 2013 .

[70]  Nancy R. Sottos,et al.  Fracture behavior of a self-healing, toughened epoxy adhesive , 2013 .

[71]  Soo-Jin Park,et al.  Synthesis and Thermal Properties of Epoxidized Vegetable Oil , 2004 .

[72]  Bernard Riedl,et al.  Nano-aluminum oxide as a reinforcing material for thermoplastic adhesives , 2012 .

[73]  Chul-Tae Lee Preparation of porous, nano-sized urea–formaldehyde polymer powder , 2012 .

[74]  K. Kanny,et al.  Water uptake and mechanical properties of natural rubber–styrene butadine rubber (nr-sr) – Nanoclay composites , 2012 .

[75]  Seong-Geun Oh,et al.  Preparation of monodispersed PNIPAm/silica composites and characterization of their thermal behaviors , 2012 .

[76]  J. Stejskal,et al.  Kinetics and isotherm studies of methylene blue adsorption onto polyaniline nanotubes base/silica composite , 2012 .

[77]  P. Dittanet,et al.  Effect of bimodal particle size distributions on the toughening mechanisms in silica nanoparticle filled epoxy resin , 2013 .

[78]  Jue Cheng,et al.  Curing behaviors and properties of an extrinsic toughened epoxy/anhydride system and an intrinsic toughened epoxy/anhydride system , 2013 .

[79]  L. Hao,et al.  Microwave-assisted functionalization of polyurethane surface for improving blood compatibility , 2013 .

[80]  D. Lee,et al.  Radar absorbing sandwich construction composed of CNT, PMI foam and carbon/epoxy composite , 2012 .

[81]  J. González‐Benito,et al.  Morphology and interphase formation in epoxy/PMMA/glass fiber composites: effect of the molecular weight of the PMMA. , 2011, Journal of colloid and interface science.

[82]  Jean-Pierre Habas,et al.  A fully biobased epoxy resin from vegetable oils: From the synthesis of the precursors by thiol‐ene reaction to the study of the final material , 2011 .

[83]  Soojin Park,et al.  Thermal stability and impact and flexural properties of epoxy resins/epoxidized castor oil/nano-CaCO3 ternary systems , 2010 .

[84]  X. Ramis,et al.  Combined use of sepiolite and a hyperbranched polyester in the modification of epoxy/anhydride coatings: A study of the curing process and the final properties , 2012 .

[85]  F. Richard,et al.  Determination of characteristic parameters for the thermal decomposition of epoxy resin/carbon fibre composites in cone calorimeter , 2013 .

[86]  Soojin Park,et al.  Study of new fluorine-containing epoxy resin for low dielectric constant , 2004 .

[87]  Soo-Jin Park,et al.  Impact-strength improvement of epoxy resins reinforced with a biodegradable polymer , 2008 .

[88]  J. Shin,et al.  Cationic polymerization and physicochemical properties of a biobased epoxy resin initiated by thermally latent catalysts , 2005 .

[89]  Soo-Jin Park,et al.  Thermal properties of epoxy resin/filler hybrid composites , 2012 .

[90]  R. Bouza,et al.  Thermodynamic analysis of polymerization-induced phase separation of a polystyrene in epoxy/monoamine–diamine systems. Effect of monoamine–diamine proportion on the phase diagram , 2011 .

[91]  Wanshuang Liu,et al.  Silicon‐Containing Cycloaliphatic Epoxy Resins with Systematically Varied Functionalities: Synthesis and Structure/Property Relationships , 2011 .

[92]  R. Bellas,et al.  Phase separation and morphology development in a thermoplastic-modified toughened epoxy , 2012 .

[93]  Wen‐Jau Lee,et al.  Synthesis and properties of copolymer epoxy resins prepared from copolymerization of bisphenol A, epichlorohydrin, and liquefied Dendrocalamus latiflorus , 2010 .

[94]  B. Guo,et al.  Hygrothermal stability of dicyanate-novolac epoxy resin blends , 2003 .

[95]  Chao Yang,et al.  Synthesis of low viscosity, fast UV curing solder resist based on epoxy resin for ink‐jet printing , 2013 .

[96]  D. McDowell,et al.  Cyclic compression behavior of epoxy shape memory polymer foam , 2010 .

[97]  I. Bertóti,et al.  Corrosion protection with zinc-rich epoxy paint coatings embedded with various amounts of highly dispersed polypyrrole-deposited alumina monohydrate particles , 2013 .

[98]  M. Sarojadevi,et al.  Synthesis and characterization of chlorinated soy oil based epoxy resin/glass fiber composites , 2009 .

[99]  Ryu,et al.  XPS Analysis of Carbon Fiber Surfaces-Anodized and Interfacial Effects in Fiber-Epoxy Composites. , 1999, Journal of colloid and interface science.

[100]  S. Fu,et al.  Mechanical properties of cryogenic epoxy adhesives: Effects of mixed curing agent content , 2013 .

[101]  K. Lau,et al.  Characterisation of mechanical and thermal properties of epoxy grouts for composite repair of steel pipelines , 2013 .

[102]  Soojin Park,et al.  Thermal and Rheological Properties of Vegetable Oil-based Epoxy Resins Cured with Thermally Latent Initiator , 2007 .

[103]  Hazizan Md Akil,et al.  Thermal and mechanical properties of particulate fillers filled epoxy composites for electronic packaging application , 2008 .

[104]  B. Schartel,et al.  A low melting organic-inorganic glass and its effect on flame retardancy of clay/epoxy composites , 2011 .

[105]  K. Rhee,et al.  Effect of clay surface modification and concentration on the tensile performance of clay/epoxy nanocomposites , 2007 .

[106]  Soojin Park,et al.  Synthesis and characterization of a novel silicon-containing epoxy resin , 2005 .

[107]  Hyun-chul Lee,et al.  The effect of post-processing of carbon fibers on the mechanical properties of epoxy-based composites , 2013 .

[108]  M. Kim,et al.  Benzylpyrazinium Salts as Thermally Latent Initiators in the Polymerization of Glycidyl Phenyl Ether: Substituent Effect on the Initiator Activity and Mechanistic Aspects , 2004 .

[109]  Photo-polymerized epoxy primer for adhesion improvement at thermoplastics/metallic wires interfaces , 2013 .

[110]  Soojin Park,et al.  Fracture toughness of difunctional epoxy resin/thermally latent initiator system modified with polyesters , 2008 .

[111]  E. Andreassen,et al.  Rheological characterization of a novel isotropic conductive adhesive – Epoxy filled with metal-coated polymer spheres , 2013 .

[112]  M. Ansell,et al.  Effect of nano- and micro-particle additions on moisture absorption in thixotropic room temperature cure epoxy-based adhesives for bonded-in timber connections , 2010 .

[113]  R. Bongiovanni,et al.  Fluorinated alcohols as surface‐active agents in cationic photopolymerization of epoxy monomers , 2005 .

[114]  Xin Yang,et al.  Synthesis, characterization, and properties of silicone–epoxy resins , 2011 .

[115]  Seung-Woo Lee,et al.  Preparation and characterization of dual curable adhesives containing epoxy and acrylate functionalities , 2013 .

[116]  Soojin Park,et al.  Effect of carbonization temperature on electrical conductivity of carbon papers prepared from petroleum pitch-coated glass fibers , 2013 .

[117]  I. Hong,et al.  Selection of thinner for epoxy type resins for neon transformer housing , 2012 .

[118]  Soojin Park,et al.  Thermal Stability of Trifunctional Epoxy Resins Modified with Nanosized Calcium Carbonate , 2009 .

[119]  M. Frigione,et al.  UV-curable epoxy systems containing hyperbranched polymers: Kinetics investigation by photo-DSC and real-time FT-IR experiments , 2009 .

[120]  Sang Hyun Kim,et al.  Investigation of curing kinetics of various cycloaliphatic epoxy resins using dynamic thermal analysis , 2010 .

[121]  Soojin Park,et al.  Electrochemically Modified PAN Carbon Fibers and Interfacial Adhesion in Epoxy-resin Composites , 1999 .

[122]  Soojin Park,et al.  Thermomechanical behavior of epoxy resins modified with epoxidized vegetable oils , 2008 .

[123]  Chun-Gon Kim,et al.  Effect of CNT functionalization on crack resistance of a carbon/epoxy composite at a cryogenic temperature , 2012 .

[124]  H. Naguib,et al.  Synthesis, morphology and thermal properties of polyurethanes nanocomposites based on poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and organoclay , 2013 .

[125]  Soojin Park,et al.  Synthesis and characterization of UV-curable acrylic resin containing fluorine groups , 2005 .

[126]  K. El‐Nemr,et al.  Dye sorption characters of gamma irradiated foamed ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rubber/clay composites , 2013 .

[127]  C. Hong,et al.  Effect of carbon nanotubes with different lengths on mechanical and electrical properties of silica-filled styrene butadiene rubber compounds , 2013 .

[128]  Lee,et al.  Effect of Fiber-Polymer Interactions on Fracture Toughness Behavior of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Matrix Composites. , 2000, Journal of colloid and interface science.

[129]  P. Czub Synthesis of high-molecular-weight epoxy resins from modified natural oils and Bisphenol A or BisphenolA-based epoxy resins , 2009 .

[130]  Soojin Park,et al.  Thermal Stability and Fracture Toughness of Epoxy Resins Modified with Epoxidized Castor Oil and Al 2 O 3 Nanoparticles , 2012 .

[131]  K. Rhee,et al.  Surface treatment of montmorillonite on the thermal stabilities of bisphenol-A diglycidyl dimethacrylate nanocomposites , 2006 .

[132]  Soojin Park,et al.  Thermal and mechanical interfacial properties of epoxy composites based on functionalized carbon nanotubes , 2011 .

[133]  Lin Fan,et al.  Synthesis and characterization of imide ring and siloxane-containing cycloaliphatic epoxy resins , 2007 .

[134]  Dai Gil Lee,et al.  Surface modification of carbon fiber/epoxy composites with randomly oriented aramid fiber felt for adhesion strength enhancement , 2013 .

[135]  Xu-Ming Xie,et al.  Influence of addition of silica particles on reaction-induced phase separation and properties of epoxy/PEI blends , 2011 .

[136]  D. Hui,et al.  Epoxy clay nanocomposites ― processing, properties and applications: A review , 2013 .

[137]  K. Ahmed,et al.  Characteristics of natural rubber hybrid composites based on marble sludge/carbon black and marble sludge/rice husk derived silica , 2013 .

[138]  Luis A. Miccio,et al.  Influence of fluorinated acids bonding on surface properties of crosslinked epoxy-based polymers , 2010 .

[139]  J. Feijen,et al.  Characterization and biocompatibility of epoxy-crosslinked dermal sheep collagens. , 1999, Journal of biomedical materials research.

[140]  Soojin Park,et al.  Thermal Stability of Imidized Epoxy Blends Initiated by N-Benzylpyrazinium Hexafluoroantimonate Salt , 2001 .

[141]  Lin Fan,et al.  Synthesis and properties of novel fluorinated epoxy resins based on 1,1-bis(4-glycidylesterphenyl)-1-(3′-trifluoromethylphenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethane , 2007 .

[142]  W. Brostow,et al.  High impact strength and low wear of epoxy modified by a combination of liquid carboxyl terminated poly(butadiene-co-acrylonitrile) rubber and organoclay , 2013 .

[143]  Soojin Park,et al.  Effect of fluorine functional groups on surface and mechanical interfacial properties of epoxy resins , 2007 .

[144]  Soojin Park,et al.  Interfacial toughness properties of trifunctional epoxy resins/calcium carbonate nanocomposites , 2008 .

[145]  S. Caillol,et al.  Multi-functionalization of gallic acid. Synthesis of a novel bio-based epoxy resin , 2013 .