Energy Efficiency in MC-DS/CDMA Cooperative Networks: Centralized and Distributed Solutions

The energy efficiency (EE) maximization on the uplink of multi-carrier direct sequence code division multiple access (MC-DS/CDMA) cooperative wireless networks is an NP-hard optimization problem of great interest for future networks systems. This paper presents three centralized solutions and two distributed ones: the centralized solutions include an iterative solution based on the Dinkelbach method and two heuristic approaches, i.e., the Firefly algorithm (FA) and the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm. The distributed solutions are based on a game theory framework and employ two different algorithms for resource allocation: the classical waterfilling algorithm adapted to the discussed problem and the Verhulst distributed power control algorithm (V-DPCA). Simulations were conducted in order to establish which technique has the best EE, spectral efficiency (SE) and complexity tradeoff. Keywords–Cooperative Networks; MC-DS/CDMA; Energy Efficiency; Spectral Efficiency; Game Theory; Dinkelbach.

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