Synthesis of flower-shaped ZrO2–C composites for adsorptive removal of trichlorophenol from aqueous solution

In the current study, examples of a novel kind of nanoflake zirconia–carbon (ZrO2–C) composite were synthesized through a simple method by using gallic acid and ZrCl4 as precursors. The as-synthesized ZrO2–C composites were observed to have high specific surface areas and a chrysanthemum-like structure. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Raman analyses revealed that the ZrO2–C composites were composed of graphitized carbon and numerous ZrO2 nanoparticles (3–4 nm in diameter). The ZrO2–C composites were successfully used as adsorption materials to remove 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP) from simulated water samples. The results showed that ZrO2–C exhibited a much higher adsorption capacity for TCP than did some reported carbon materials. The hydrophobic interaction and/or π–π stacking interaction between TCP and the carbon phase, hydrogen bonding with functional groups of ZrO2–C, and metal–anion binding with ZrO2 nanoparticles contributed to the high adsorption ability. Generally, TCP uptake was favorable in an acidic environment and increased as the initial TCP concentration and temperature were increased. The adsorption process obeyed pseudo-second-order kinetics, and the adsorption isotherms could be well described by the Freundlich equation.

[1]  Hong Peng,et al.  Improved photodegradation and detoxification of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol by lanthanum doped magnetic TiO2 , 2015 .

[2]  Jie Su,et al.  Stable metal-organic frameworks containing single-molecule traps for enzyme encapsulation , 2015, Nature Communications.

[3]  Yaqi Cai,et al.  Facile synthesis of novel flowerlike magnetic mesoporous carbon for efficient chlorophenols removal , 2014 .

[4]  L. Shu,et al.  Development and characterization of the 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) aerobic degrading granules in sequencing batch airlift reactor , 2014 .

[5]  Yaqi Cai,et al.  Fabrication of magnetic mesoporous carbon and its application for adsorptive removal of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP) from aqueous solution , 2014 .

[6]  S. Geissen,et al.  Adsorption of trichlorophenol on zeolite and adsorbent regeneration with ozone. , 2014, Journal of hazardous materials.

[7]  T. Anirudhan,et al.  Removal of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol from water and petroleum refinery industry effluents by surfactant-modified bentonite , 2014 .

[8]  T. Bandosz,et al.  Ce(III) doped Zr-based MOFs as excellent NO2 adsorbents at ambient conditions. , 2013, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[9]  D. Krishnaiah,et al.  Adsorption of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP) onto activated carbon , 2013 .

[10]  Krista S. Walton,et al.  Stability and degradation mechanisms of metal–organic frameworks containing the Zr6O4(OH)4 secondary building unit , 2013 .

[11]  X. Shan,et al.  Adsorption characteristics of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, 2-naphthol and naphthalene on graphene and graphene oxide , 2013 .

[12]  Yangen Zhou,et al.  Amine-functionalized zirconium metal-organic framework as efficient visible-light photocatalyst for aerobic organic transformations. , 2012, Chemical communications.

[13]  Xinghong Zhang,et al.  Dispersion and interaction of ZrB2 nanopowders with gallic acid in n-butanol , 2012 .

[14]  R. Basosi,et al.  Influence of pH on the speciation of copper(II) in reactions with the green tea polyphenols, epigallocatechin gallate and gallic acid , 2012, Journal of inorganic biochemistry.

[15]  C. Karunakaran,et al.  Phenol-photodegradation on ZrO2. Enhancement by semiconductors. , 2012, Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy.

[16]  Shaobin Wang,et al.  Effects of ammonium hydroxide on the structure and gas adsorption of nanosized Zr-MOFs (UiO-66). , 2012, Nanoscale.

[17]  K. Lillerud,et al.  H2 storage in isostructural UiO-67 and UiO-66 MOFs. , 2012, Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP.

[18]  F. Heshmatpour,et al.  Synthesis and characterization of superfine pure tetragonal nanocrystalline sulfated zirconia powder by a non-alkoxide sol–gel route , 2012 .

[19]  Jian Zhang,et al.  Adsorption of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol from aqueous solution onto activated carbon derived from loosestrife , 2011 .

[20]  Ashutosh Kumar Singh.  Synthesis, characterization, electrical and sensing properties of ZnO nanoparticles , 2010 .

[21]  J. Pignatello,et al.  Adsorption of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol by multi-walled carbon nanotubes as affected by Cu(II). , 2009, Water research.

[22]  B. El-eswed,et al.  The effect of pH on the adsorption of phenol and chlorophenols onto natural zeolite , 2009 .

[23]  N. Ruiz-Ordaz,et al.  Biodegradation of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol in a packed-bed biofilm reactor equipped with an internal net draft tube riser for aeration and liquid circulation. , 2009, Journal of hazardous materials.

[24]  J. Wang,et al.  Synthesis and Characterization of Core-shell ZrO2/PAAEM/PS Nanoparticles , 2008, Nanoscale research letters.

[25]  Abdul Latif Ahmad,et al.  Adsorption isotherm, kinetic modeling and mechanism of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol on coconut husk-based activated carbon , 2008 .

[26]  Y. Tsutsumi,et al.  Characterization of air-formed surface oxide film on Ti–29Nb–13Ta–4.6Zr alloy surface using XPS and AES , 2008 .

[27]  Hui Wang,et al.  The cooperative electrochemical oxidation of chlorophenols in anode-cathode compartments. , 2008, Journal of hazardous materials.

[28]  M. A. Payne,et al.  Rovibrational energy transfer in the 4nuCH manifold of acetylene, viewed by IR-UV double resonance spectroscopy. 5. Detailed kinetic model. , 2007, The journal of physical chemistry. A.

[29]  B. Hameed.  Equilibrium and kinetics studies of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol adsorption onto activated clay , 2007 .

[30]  S. Taşcıoğlu,et al.  Micellar effect on the sensitivity of spectrophotometric Mo(VI) determination based on the formation of gallic acid complex providing evidence for the polyoxoanion structure of molybdate ions. , 2007, Analytica chimica acta.

[31]  K. Palanivelu,et al.  Adsorptive removal of chlorophenols from aqueous solution by low cost adsorbent--Kinetics and isotherm analysis. , 2006, Journal of hazardous materials.

[32]  Jaime Giménez,et al.  Degradation of chlorophenols by means of advanced oxidation processes: a general review , 2004 .

[33]  J. Kiwi,et al.  2. Sensitized degradation of chlorophenols on iron oxides induced by visible light: Comparison with titanium oxide , 2001 .

[34]  M. Hynes,et al.  The kinetics and mechanisms of the reaction of iron(III) with gallic acid, gallic acid methyl ester and catechin. , 2001, Journal of inorganic biochemistry.

[35]  T. McCormack,et al.  Platinum carboxylato-pendant-arm macrocycles: structure, redox properties and anti-cancer potential. , 2001, Journal of inorganic biochemistry.

[36]  M. Hynes,et al.  The kinetics and mechanisms of the reactions of aluminium(III) with gallic acid, gallic acid methyl ester and adrenaline. , 2001, Journal of inorganic biochemistry.

[37]  Colin W. Park,et al.  Interaction of phenol and chlorophenols with activated carbon and synthetic zeolites in aqueous media , 2000 .

[38]  I. Sabbah,et al.  Adsorption–desorption of trichlorophenol in water–soil systems , 1997 .

[39]  M. McBride,et al.  Adsorption of phenol and substituted phenols by iron oxides , 1991 .

[40]  M. McBride,et al.  Bonding of chlorophenols on iron and aluminum oxides , 1991 .

[41]  I. Langmuir.  THE ADSORPTION OF GASES ON PLANE SURFACES OF GLASS, MICA AND PLATINUM. , 1918 .