Review of FDTD time-stepping schemes for efficient simulation of electric conductive media

We review the time-backward (TB), the time-forward (TF), and time-average (TA), and the exponential time-differencing (ETD) time-stepping schemes of the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method for the efficient simulation of electric conductive media. The application of global time-step adjustment and adaptive-gridding techniques is addressed in an outlook. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 25: 16–21, 2000.