Emerging Tobacco-Related Cancer Risks in China: A Nationwide, Prospective Study of 0.5 Million Adults

In China, cigarette consumption has increased substantially since the 1980s, almost exclusively in men. This study was aimed at assessing the emerging cancer risks.

[1]  R. Collins,et al.  Exhaled carbon monoxide and its associations with smoking, indoor household air pollution and chronic respiratory diseases among 512 000 Chinese adults , 2013, International journal of epidemiology.

[2]  A G Babiker,et al.  Floating absolute risk: an alternative to relative risk in survival and case-control analysis avoiding an arbitrary reference group. , 1991, Statistics in medicine.

[3]  Wanqing Chen.  [Estimation of cancer incidence and mortality in China in 2004-2005]. , 2009, Zhonghua zhong liu za zhi [Chinese journal of oncology].

[4]  S. Thacker,et al.  National public health surveillance in China: implications for public health in China and the United States. , 1997, Biomedical and environmental sciences : BES.

[5]  Yang Gh,et al.  National public health surveillance in China: implications for public health in China and the United States. , 1997 .

[6]  K. Balakrishnan,et al.  Respiratory risks from household air pollution in low and middle income countries. , 2014, The Lancet. Respiratory medicine.

[7]  V. Beral,et al.  The 21st century hazards of smoking and benefits of stopping: a prospective study of one million women in the UK , 2013, BDJ.

[8]  R. Collins,et al.  China Kadoorie Biobank of 0.5 million people: survey methods, baseline characteristics and long-term follow-up. , 2011, International journal of epidemiology.

[9]  R. Collins,et al.  Early health effects of the emerging tobacco epidemic in China. A 16-year prospective study. , 1997, JAMA.

[10]  R. Collins,et al.  Cohort profile: the Kadoorie Study of Chronic Disease in China (KSCDC). , 2005, International journal of epidemiology.

[11]  Richard Doll,et al.  Mortality in relation to smoking: 22 years' observations on female British doctors. , 1980, British medical journal.

[12]  Yichong Li,et al.  [Cross-sectional survey on smoking and smoking cessation behaviors among Chinese adults in 2010]. , 2012, Zhonghua yu fang yi xue za zhi [Chinese journal of preventive medicine].

[13]  R. Peto,et al.  Emerging tobacco hazards in China: 1. Retrospective proportional mortality study of one million deaths , 1998, BMJ.

[14]  Gonghuan Yang,et al.  Validation of verbal autopsy procedures for adult deaths in China. , 2006, International journal of epidemiology.

[15]  X. Weng,et al.  Smoking prevalence in Chinese aged 15 and above. , 1987, Chinese medical journal.

[16]  Weng Xz,et al.  Smoking prevalence in Chinese aged 15 and above. , 1987 .

[17]  Prabhat Jha,et al.  21st-century hazards of smoking and benefits of cessation in the United States. , 2013, The New England journal of medicine.

[18]  Michael J Thun,et al.  50-year trends in smoking-related mortality in the United States. , 2013, The New England journal of medicine.

[19]  Jing Chen,et al.  Mortality attributable to smoking in China. , 2009, The New England journal of medicine.

[20]  Hideo Tanaka,et al.  Burden of Total and Cause-Specific Mortality Related to Tobacco Smoking among Adults Aged ≥45 Years in Asia: A Pooled Analysis of 21 Cohorts , 2014, PLoS medicine.

[21]  Y. Qiao,et al.  Estimation of cancer incidence and mortality attributable to smoking in China , 2010, Cancer Causes & Control.

[22]  Gonghuan Yang.  Marketing ‘less harmful, low-tar’ cigarettes is a key strategy of the industry to counter tobacco control in China , 2013, Tobacco Control.

[23]  Office on Smoking.  The Health Consequences of Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General , 2004 .

[24]  B. Henderson,et al.  Morbidity and mortality in relation to cigarette smoking in Shanghai, China. A prospective male cohort study. , 1996, JAMA.

[25]  R. Doll,et al.  The causes of cancer: quantitative estimates of avoidable risks of cancer in the United States today. , 1981, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[26]  R. Peto,et al.  Tobacco—the growing epidemic , 1999, Nature Medicine.

[27]  Alan D. Lopez,et al.  Mortality from tobacco in developed countries: indirect estimation from national vital statistics , 1992, The Lancet.

[28]  J. Stockman,et al.  Mortality in Relation to Smoking: 50 Years' Observations on Male British Doctors , 2006 .

[29]  R. Peto,et al.  Emerging tobacco hazards in China: 2. Early mortality results from a prospective study , 1998, BMJ.

[30]  T. Lam,et al.  Mortality attributable to cigarette smoking in China. , 1997, JAMA.

[31]  J. Samet,et al.  Smoking in China: findings of the 1996 National Prevalence Survey. , 1999, JAMA.

[32]  Alan D. Lopez,et al.  Rapid health transition in China, 1990–2010: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 , 2013, The Lancet.

[33]  Y. Qiao,et al.  Attributable causes of cancer in China. , 2012, Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology.

[34]  C. Weinberg,et al.  Use and misuse of population attributable fractions. , 1998, American journal of public health.