Global and Local Attention-Based Free-Form Image Inpainting

Deep-learning-based image inpainting methods have shown significant promise in both rectangular and irregular holes. However, the inpainting of irregular holes presents numerous challenges owing to uncertainties in their shapes and locations. When depending solely on convolutional neural network (CNN) or adversarial supervision, plausible inpainting results cannot be guaranteed because irregular holes need attention-based guidance for retrieving information for content generation. In this paper, we propose two new attention mechanisms, namely a mask pruning-based global attention module and a global and local attention module to obtain global dependency information and the local similarity information among the features for refined results. The proposed method is evaluated using state-of-the-art methods, and the experimental results show that our method outperforms the existing methods in both quantitative and qualitative measures.

[1]  Zongben Xu,et al.  Image Inpainting by Patch Propagation Using Patch Sparsity , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing.

[2]  Alexei A. Efros,et al.  Context Encoders: Feature Learning by Inpainting , 2016, 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR).

[3]  Denis Simakov,et al.  Summarizing visual data using bidirectional similarity , 2008, 2008 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.

[4]  Jianfei Cai,et al.  Pluralistic Image Completion , 2019, 2019 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR).

[5]  Thomas S. Huang,et al.  Generative Image Inpainting with Contextual Attention , 2018, 2018 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.

[6]  Ting-Chun Wang,et al.  Image Inpainting for Irregular Holes Using Partial Convolutions , 2018, ECCV.

[7]  Patrick Pérez,et al.  Region filling and object removal by exemplar-based image inpainting , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing.

[8]  Yoshua Bengio,et al.  Gradient-based learning applied to document recognition , 1998, Proc. IEEE.

[9]  Eli Shechtman,et al.  Image melding , 2012, ACM Trans. Graph..

[10]  Cristian Canton-Ferrer,et al.  Eye In-painting with Exemplar Generative Adversarial Networks , 2017, 2018 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.

[11]  Chao Yang,et al.  Contextual-Based Image Inpainting: Infer, Match, and Translate , 2017, ECCV.

[12]  Minh N. Do,et al.  Semantic Image Inpainting with Deep Generative Models , 2016, 2017 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR).

[13]  Elena Deza,et al.  Encyclopedia of Distances , 2014 .

[14]  Thomas S. Huang,et al.  Free-Form Image Inpainting With Gated Convolution , 2018, 2019 IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV).

[15]  Chao Yang,et al.  Image Inpainting using Block-wise Procedural Training with Annealed Adversarial Counterpart , 2018, ArXiv.

[16]  Harry Shum,et al.  Image completion with structure propagation , 2005, ACM Trans. Graph..

[17]  Narendra Ahuja,et al.  Image completion using planar structure guidance , 2014, ACM Trans. Graph..

[18]  Joachim Weickert,et al.  Coherence-Enhancing Diffusion Filtering , 1999, International Journal of Computer Vision.

[19]  Qin Huang,et al.  SPG-Net: Segmentation Prediction and Guidance Network for Image Inpainting , 2018, BMVC.

[20]  Jean-Michel Morel,et al.  A non-local algorithm for image denoising , 2005, 2005 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR'05).

[21]  Yuichi Yoshida,et al.  Spectral Normalization for Generative Adversarial Networks , 2018, ICLR.

[22]  Yi Wang,et al.  Image Inpainting via Generative Multi-column Convolutional Neural Networks , 2018, NeurIPS.

[23]  Faisal Z. Qureshi,et al.  EdgeConnect: Structure Guided Image Inpainting using Edge Prediction , 2019, 2019 IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision Workshop (ICCVW).

[24]  Meng Wang,et al.  Semantic Image Inpainting with Progressive Generative Networks , 2018, ACM Multimedia.

[25]  Jianhong Shen,et al.  Digital inpainting based on the Mumford–Shah–Euler image model , 2002, European Journal of Applied Mathematics.

[26]  Pengfei Xiong,et al.  Deep Fusion Network for Image Completion , 2019, ACM Multimedia.

[27]  John F. Canny,et al.  A Computational Approach to Edge Detection , 1986, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

[28]  Li Fei-Fei,et al.  ImageNet: A large-scale hierarchical image database , 2009, CVPR.

[29]  Shiguang Shan,et al.  Shift-Net: Image Inpainting via Deep Feature Rearrangement , 2018, ECCV.

[30]  Assaf Zomet,et al.  Learning how to inpaint from global image statistics , 2003, Proceedings Ninth IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision.

[31]  Guillermo Sapiro,et al.  Image inpainting , 2000, SIGGRAPH.

[32]  Jaakko Lehtinen,et al.  Progressive Growing of GANs for Improved Quality, Stability, and Variation , 2017, ICLR.

[33]  Ming-Hsuan Yang,et al.  Generative Face Completion , 2017, 2017 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR).

[34]  Hiroshi Ishikawa,et al.  Globally and locally consistent image completion , 2017, ACM Trans. Graph..

[35]  Thomas H. Li,et al.  StructureFlow: Image Inpainting via Structure-Aware Appearance Flow , 2019, 2019 IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV).

[36]  Eero P. Simoncelli,et al.  Image quality assessment: from error visibility to structural similarity , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing.

[37]  Bolei Zhou,et al.  Places: A 10 Million Image Database for Scene Recognition , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

[38]  Jan Kautz,et al.  Loss Functions for Neural Networks for Image Processing , 2015, ArXiv.

[39]  Scott Cohen,et al.  Guided Image Inpainting: Replacing an Image Region by Pulling Content From Another Image , 2018, 2019 IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV).

[40]  Han Zhang,et al.  Self-Attention Generative Adversarial Networks , 2018, ICML.

[41]  Hao Li,et al.  High-Resolution Image Inpainting Using Multi-scale Neural Patch Synthesis , 2016, 2017 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR).

[42]  Alexia Jolicoeur-Martineau,et al.  The relativistic discriminator: a key element missing from standard GAN , 2018, ICLR.

[43]  Guillermo Sapiro,et al.  Simultaneous structure and texture image inpainting , 2003, 2003 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2003. Proceedings..

[44]  Daniel Cohen-Or,et al.  Fragment-based image completion , 2003, ACM Trans. Graph..

[45]  Abhinav Gupta,et al.  Non-local Neural Networks , 2017, 2018 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.

[46]  Guillermo Sapiro,et al.  Filling-in by joint interpolation of vector fields and gray levels , 2001, IEEE Trans. Image Process..

[47]  Chuan Li,et al.  Precomputed Real-Time Texture Synthesis with Markovian Generative Adversarial Networks , 2016, ECCV.

[48]  Léon Bottou,et al.  Wasserstein Generative Adversarial Networks , 2017, ICML.

[49]  Alexei A. Efros,et al.  Image quilting for texture synthesis and transfer , 2001, SIGGRAPH.

[50]  Yoshua Bengio,et al.  Generative Adversarial Nets , 2014, NIPS.

[51]  Adam Finkelstein,et al.  PatchMatch: a randomized correspondence algorithm for structural image editing , 2009, SIGGRAPH 2009.