Cell cycle control in breast cancer cells

In breast cancer, cyclins D1 and E and the cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitors p21 (Waf1/Cip1)and p27 (Kip1) are important in cell‐cycle control and as potential oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes. They are regulated in breast cancer cells following mitogenic stimuli including activation of receptor tyrosine kinases and steroid hormone receptors, and their deregulation frequently impacts on breast cancer outcome, including response to therapy. The cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitor p16 (INK4A) also has a critical role in transformation of mammary epithelial cells. In addition to their roles in cell cycle control, some of these molecules, particularly cyclin D1, have actions that are not mediated through regulation of cyclin‐dependent kinase activity but may be important for loss of proliferative control during mammary oncogenesis. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

[1]  James M. Roberts,et al.  Living with or without cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases. , 2004, Genes & development.

[2]  J. Chou,et al.  Constitutive overexpression of cyclin D1 in human breast epithelial cells does not prevent G1 arrest induced by deprivation of epidermal growth factor , 1999, Breast Cancer Research and Treatment.

[3]  Robert L Sutherland,et al.  Downstream targets of growth factor and oestrogen signalling and endocrine resistance: the potential roles of c-Myc, cyclin D1 and cyclin E. , 2005, Endocrine-related cancer.

[4]  H. Lane,et al.  ERBB Receptors and Cancer: The Complexity of Targeted Inhibitors , 2005, Nature Reviews Cancer.

[5]  M. White,et al.  Ral GTPases Contribute to Regulation of Cyclin D1 through Activation of NF-κB , 2000, Molecular and Cellular Biology.

[6]  M. Donzelli,et al.  Regulating mammalian checkpoints through Cdc25 inactivation , 2003, EMBO reports.

[7]  R. Gelber,et al.  Decreased immunoreactivity for p27 protein in patients with early‐stage breast carcinoma is correlated with HER‐2/neu overexpression and with benefit from one course of perioperative chemotherapy in patients with negative lymph node status , 2003, Cancer.

[8]  Donald P. McDonnell,et al.  Connections and Regulation of the Human Estrogen Receptor , 2002, Science.

[9]  Y. Xiong,et al.  Biochemical and cellular mechanisms of mammalian CDK inhibitors: a few unresolved issues , 2005, Oncogene.

[10]  L. Schuler,et al.  PRL modulates cell cycle regulators in mammary tumor epithelial cells. , 2002, Molecular endocrinology.

[11]  B. Clurman,et al.  Ras activity regulates cyclin E degradation by the Fbw7 pathway. , 2005, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[12]  J. Segall,et al.  The cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors in hormonal regulation of proliferation and differentiation. , 1999, Endocrine reviews.

[13]  D. Ingber,et al.  Role of RhoA, mDia, and ROCK in Cell Shape-dependent Control of the Skp2-p27kip1 Pathway and the G1/S Transition* , 2004, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[14]  S. Conrad,et al.  c-Myc Suppresses p21WAF1/CIP1 Expression during Estrogen Signaling and Antiestrogen Resistance in Human Breast Cancer Cells* , 2005, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[15]  Robert L. Sutherland,et al.  Cyclins and Breast Cancer , 1996, Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia.

[16]  N. Normanno,et al.  Epidermal growth factor-related peptides and their receptors in human malignancies. , 1995, Critical reviews in oncology/hematology.

[17]  Nathan H. Lents,et al.  Stimulation of the Raf/MEK/ERK Cascade Is Necessary and Sufficient for Activation and Thr-160 Phosphorylation of a Nuclear-targeted CDK2* , 2002, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[18]  C. Swanton.  Cell-cycle targeted therapies. , 2004, The Lancet. Oncology.

[19]  S. Ramaswamy,et al.  Oncogenic role of the ubiquitin ligase subunit Skp2 in human breast cancer. , 2002, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[20]  J. Slingerland,et al.  The prognostic significance of altered cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors in human cancer. , 1999, Annual review of medicine.

[21]  Naoto T Ueno,et al.  P27(kip1) down-regulation is associated with trastuzumab resistance in breast cancer cells. , 2004, Cancer research.

[22]  R. Dickson,et al.  Of Mice and Myc: c-Myc and Mammary Tumorigenesis , 2004, Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia.

[23]  D. Edwards.  Regulation of signal transduction pathways by estrogen and progesterone. , 2005, Annual review of physiology.

[24]  H. Samonigg,et al.  High p27Kip1 expression predicts superior relapse-free and overall survival for premenopausal women with early-stage breast cancer receiving adjuvant treatment with tamoxifen plus goserelin. , 2003, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[25]  D. Henley,et al.  Estrogens and cell-cycle regulation in breast cancer , 2001, Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism.

[26]  R. Sutherland,et al.  Deregulated Cyclin D1 Expression Is Associated with Decreased Efficacy of the Selective Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Gefitinib in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cell Lines , 2004, Clinical Cancer Research.

[27]  A. Papanikolaou,et al.  Cyclin D1 in breast cancer pathogenesis. , 2005, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[28]  C. Sawyers,et al.  The phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase–AKT pathway in human cancer , 2002, Nature Reviews Cancer.

[29]  Frank McCormick,et al.  Proliferation of cancer cells despite CDK2 inhibition. , 2003, Cancer cell.

[30]  James M. Roberts,et al.  Regulation of the cytoskeleton: an oncogenic function for cdk inhibitors? , 2004, Nature Reviews Cancer.

[31]  A. Venkitaraman.  Medicine: Aborting the birth of cancer , 2005, Nature.

[32]  J. Harper,et al.  The Tumor-specific Hyperactive Forms of Cyclin E Are Resistant to Inhibition by p21 and p27* , 2005, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[33]  Kathleen A. Hinchman,et al.  Progression , 1896, Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy.

[34]  James M. Roberts,et al.  CDK inhibitors: positive and negative regulators of G1-phase progression. , 1999, Genes & development.

[35]  Carlos L. Arteaga,et al.  PKB/Akt mediates cell-cycle progression by phosphorylation of p27Kip1 at threonine 157 and modulation of its cellular localization , 2002, Nature Medicine.

[36]  R. Sutherland,et al.  Cyclin D1 Overexpression Induces Progestin Resistance in T-47D Breast Cancer Cells Despite p27Kip1 Association with Cyclin E-Cdk2* , 2001, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[37]  R. Jordan,et al.  p27 Deregulation in Breast Cancer: Prognostic Significance and Implications for Therapy , 2004, Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia.

[38]  Lucia Altucci,et al.  Estrogens and Progesterone Promote Persistent CCND1 Gene Activation during G1 by Inducing Transcriptional Derepression via c-Jun/c-Fos/Estrogen Receptor (Progesterone Receptor) Complex Assembly to a Distal Regulatory Element and Recruitment of Cyclin D1 to Its Own Gene Promoter , 2004, Molecular and Cellular Biology.

[39]  A. Harris,et al.  Cytoplasmic p21WAF1/CIP1 expression is correlated with HER-2/ neu in breast cancer and is an independent predictor of prognosis , 2003, Breast Cancer Research.

[40]  R. Sutherland,et al.  Deregulated Cyclin D 1 Expression Is Associated with Decreased Efficacy of the Selective Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Gefitinib in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cell Lines , 2004 .

[41]  M. Hung,et al.  Correlation of p27 protein expression with HER‐2/neu expression in breast cancer , 2001, Molecular carcinogenesis.

[42]  Guido Tarone,et al.  Positional control of cell fate through joint integrin/receptor protein kinase signaling. , 2003, Annual review of cell and developmental biology.

[43]  R. Medema,et al.  AFX-like Forkhead transcription factors mediate cell-cycle regulation by Ras and PKB through p27kip1 , 2000, Nature.

[44]  D. Troyer,et al.  Differential effects of p21(WAF1/CIP1) deficiency on MMTV-ras and MMTV-myc mammary tumor properties. , 2002, Cancer research.

[45]  A. Lenferink,et al.  ErbB2/neu kinase modulates cellular p27(Kip1) and cyclin D1 through multiple signaling pathways. , 2001, Cancer research.

[46]  M. Pagano,et al.  To Be or Not to Be...Ubiquitinated? , 2004, Cell cycle.

[47]  David N Louis,et al.  The role of the cyclin D1-dependent kinases in ErbB2-mediated breast cancer. , 2004, The American journal of pathology.

[48]  A. Rowzee,et al.  Growth Factor Regulation of Cell Cycle Progression in Mammary Epithelial Cells , 2004, Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia.

[49]  R. Sutherland,et al.  Estrogen and Progestin Regulation of Cell Cycle Progression , 2004, Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia.

[50]  Yong Liao,et al.  Phosphorylation/Cytoplasmic Localization of p21Cip1/WAF1 Is Associated with HER2/neu Overexpression and Provides a Novel Combination Predictor for Poor Prognosis in Breast Cancer Patients , 2004, Clinical Cancer Research.

[51]  A. Gartel,et al.  Lost in transcription: p21 repression, mechanisms, and consequences. , 2005, Cancer research.

[52]  L. Hengst.  A second RING to destroy p27Kip1 , 2004, Nature Cell Biology.

[53]  J. Schlessinger.  Cell Signaling by Receptor Tyrosine Kinases , 2000, Cell.

[54]  Roger J. Daly,et al.  The Ras Signaling Pathway in Mammary Tumorigenesis and Metastasis , 2004, Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia.

[55]  Chenguang Wang,et al.  Minireview: Cyclin D1: normal and abnormal functions. , 2004, Endocrinology.

[56]  B. Clurman,et al.  Cyclin E in normal and neoplastic cell cycles , 2005, Oncogene.

[57]  T. Jacks,et al.  Acute mutation of retinoblastoma gene function is sufficient for cell cycle re-entry , 2003, Nature.

[58]  N. Pavletich.  Mechanisms of cyclin-dependent kinase regulation: structures of Cdks, their cyclin activators, and Cip and INK4 inhibitors. , 1999, Journal of molecular biology.

[59]  J. Massagué,et al.  G1 cell-cycle control and cancer , 2004, Nature.

[60]  Michele Pagano,et al.  Wagging the Dogma Tissue-Specific Cell Cycle Control in the Mouse Embryo , 2004, Cell.

[61]  Thea D. Tlsty,et al.  Genetic and Epigenetic Changes in Mammary Epithelial Cells May Mimic Early Events in Carcinogenesis , 2004, Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia.

[62]  Naoto T. Ueno,et al.  P27kip1 Down-Regulation Is Associated with Trastuzumab Resistance in Breast Cancer Cells , 2004, Cancer Research.

[63]  R. Sutherland,et al.  Cooperation of p27Kip1 and p18INK4c in Progestin-Mediated Cell Cycle Arrest in T-47D Breast Cancer Cells , 2000, Molecular and Cellular Biology.

[64]  R. Blamey,et al.  INK4a gene expression and methylation in primary breast cancer: overexpression of p16INK4a messenger RNA is a marker of poor prognosis. , 2000, Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research.

[65]  K. Nakayama,et al.  Cytoplasmic ubiquitin ligase KPC regulates proteolysis of p27Kip1 at G1 phase , 2004, Nature Cell Biology.

[66]  J. Slingerland,et al.  Multiple Roles of the PI3K/PKB (Akt) Pathway in Cell Cycle Progression , 2003, Cell cycle.

[67]  Michael F. Olson,et al.  RAS and RHO GTPases in G1-phase cell-cycle regulation , 2004, Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology.

[68]  E. Nabel,et al.  A growth factor‐dependent nuclear kinase phosphorylates p27Kip1 and regulates cell cycle progression , 2002, The EMBO journal.

[69]  O. Coqueret,et al.  New roles for p21 and p27 cell-cycle inhibitors: a function for each cell compartment? , 2003, Trends in cell biology.

[70]  E. Musgrove,et al.  Role of the CDK Inhibitor p27 (Kip1) in Mammary Development and Carcinogenesis: Insights from Knockout Mice , 2004, Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia.

[71]  John M. Daly,et al.  ErbB2 Potentiates Breast Tumor Proliferation through Modulation of p27Kip1-Cdk2 Complex Formation: Receptor Overexpression Does Not Determine Growth Dependency , 2000, Molecular and Cellular Biology.

[72]  K. Nakayama,et al.  Estrogens Down-regulate p27Kip1 in Breast Cancer Cells through Skp2 and through Nuclear Export Mediated by the ERK Pathway* , 2003, Journal of Biological Chemistry.