Toxicology and clinical potential of nanoparticles

Graphical abstract Highlights ▶ NP toxicity depends on NP characteristics, administered dose and route. ▶ In vitro toxicity results do not easily translate into in vivo toxicity. ▶ Current research lacks a unifying protocol for the toxicological profiling of NPs.

[1]  R. Stafford,et al.  Nanoshell-mediated near-infrared thermal therapy of tumors under magnetic resonance guidance , 2003, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[2]  Sang Hoon Jeong,et al.  Assessment of dermal toxicity of nanosilica using cultured keratinocytes, a human skin equivalent model and an in vivo model. , 2010, Toxicology.

[3]  Igor L. Medintz,et al.  Potential clinical applications of quantum dots , 2008, International journal of nanomedicine.

[4]  C. Müller-Goymann,et al.  Skin penetration and stabilization of formulations containing microfine titanium dioxide as physical UV filter , 2000, International journal of cosmetic science.

[5]  Wei Lu,et al.  Photoacoustic imaging of living mouse brain vasculature using hollow gold nanospheres. , 2010, Biomaterials.

[6]  Zhi Pan,et al.  Adverse effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on human dermal fibroblasts and how to protect cells. , 2009, Small.

[7]  Peter R. Byron,et al.  Inhaling medicines: delivering drugs to the body through the lungs , 2007, Nature Reviews Drug Discovery.

[8]  K. Paknikar,et al.  Interactions of silver nanoparticles with primary mouse fibroblasts and liver cells. , 2009, Toxicology and applied pharmacology.

[9]  H. Byrne,et al.  In vitro toxicity evaluation of single walled carbon nanotubes on human A549 lung cells. , 2007, Toxicology in vitro : an international journal published in association with BIBRA.

[10]  Osman Muhammad,et al.  QUANTUM DOTS ARE PHAGOCYTIZED BY MACROPHAGES AND COLOCALIZE WITH EXPERIMENTAL GLIOMAS , 2007, Neurosurgery.

[11]  Kenneth Vecchio,et al.  Stimuli-responsive liposome fusion mediated by gold nanoparticles. , 2010, ACS nano.

[12]  I. Yu,et al.  Twenty-Eight-Day Oral Toxicity, Genotoxicity, and Gender-Related Tissue Distribution of Silver Nanoparticles in Sprague-Dawley Rats , 2008 .

[13]  Andreas Hess,et al.  In vivo magnetic resonance imaging of dendritic cell migration into the draining lymph nodes of mice , 2006, European journal of immunology.

[14]  Nguyen T. K. Thanh,et al.  Magnetic Nanoparticles : From Fabrication to Clinical Applications , 2012 .

[15]  Sanjiv S Gambhir,et al.  A pilot toxicology study of single-walled carbon nanotubes in a small sample of mice. , 2008, Nature nanotechnology.

[16]  Mina Choi,et al.  Transient pulmonary fibrogenic effect induced by intratracheal instillation of ultrafine amorphous silica in A/J mice. , 2008, Toxicology letters.

[17]  I. Yu,et al.  Subchronic inhalation toxicity of silver nanoparticles. , 2009, Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology.

[18]  Robert Gelein,et al.  EXTRAPULMONARY TRANSLOCATION OF ULTRAFINE CARBON PARTICLES FOLLOWING WHOLE-BODY INHALATION EXPOSURE OF RATS , 2002, Journal of toxicology and environmental health. Part A.

[19]  X. Chen,et al.  Nanosilver: a nanoproduct in medical application. , 2008, Toxicology letters.

[20]  Tasneem Poonawalla,et al.  Nanoparticles: a closer look at their dermal effects. , 2010, Journal of drugs in dermatology : JDD.

[21]  J. Gearhart,et al.  In vitro toxicity of nanoparticles in BRL 3A rat liver cells. , 2005, Toxicology in vitro : an international journal published in association with BIBRA.

[22]  Robert N Grass,et al.  In vitro cytotoxicity of oxide nanoparticles: comparison to asbestos, silica, and the effect of particle solubility. , 2006, Environmental science & technology.

[23]  Hans-Joachim Galla,et al.  An improved low-permeability in vitro-model of the blood–brain barrier: transport studies on retinoids, sucrose, haloperidol, caffeine and mannitol , 1999, Brain Research.

[24]  T. Xi,et al.  Distribution, translocation and accumulation of silver nanoparticles in rats. , 2009, Journal of nanoscience and nanotechnology.

[25]  Bong Hyun Chung,et al.  Acute toxicity and pharmacokinetics of 13 nm-sized PEG-coated gold nanoparticles. , 2009, Toxicology and applied pharmacology.

[26]  David A Groneberg,et al.  Nanomedicine for respiratory diseases. , 2006, European journal of pharmacology.

[27]  Tung-Sheng Shih,et al.  The apoptotic effect of nanosilver is mediated by a ROS- and JNK-dependent mechanism involving the mitochondrial pathway in NIH3T3 cells. , 2008, Toxicology letters.

[28]  C. Soto,et al.  Bioaccumulation and toxicity of gold nanoparticles after repeated administration in mice. , 2010, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[29]  P. Jacobs,et al.  Physical and chemical properties of superparamagnetic iron oxide MR contrast agents: ferumoxides, ferumoxtran, ferumoxsil. , 1995, Magnetic resonance imaging.

[30]  Morteza Mahmoudi,et al.  A new approach for the in vitro identification of the cytotoxicity of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. , 2010, Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces.

[31]  Su Jin Kang,et al.  Titanium dioxide nanoparticles trigger p53‐mediated damage response in peripheral blood lymphocytes , 2008, Environmental and molecular mutagenesis.

[32]  Jie Chen,et al.  Comparing study of the effect of nanosized silicon dioxide and microsized silicon dioxide on fibrogenesis in rats , 2004, Toxicology and industrial health.

[33]  Michael Hadjiargyrou,et al.  Gold nanoparticles cellular toxicity and recovery: Effect of size, concentration and exposure time , 2010, Nanotoxicology.

[34]  C. Murphy,et al.  Gold nanoparticles are taken up by human cells but do not cause acute cytotoxicity. , 2005, Small.

[35]  J. Debatin,et al.  Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Atherosclerotic Plaque With Ultrasmall Superparamagnetic Particles of Iron Oxide in Hyperlipidemic Rabbits , 2001, Circulation.

[36]  Sabine Neuss,et al.  Size-dependent cytotoxicity of gold nanoparticles. , 2007, Small.

[37]  Zhiyuan Zhong,et al.  Glutathione-responsive nano-vehicles as a promising platform for targeted intracellular drug and gene delivery. , 2011, Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society.

[38]  J. Yi,et al.  Oxidative stress-dependent toxicity of silver nanoparticles in human hepatoma cells. , 2009, Toxicology in vitro : an international journal published in association with BIBRA.

[39]  Soohee Kim,et al.  Induction of oxidative stress and apoptosis by silver nanoparticles in the liver of adult zebrafish. , 2010, Aquatic toxicology.

[40]  Hu Yang,et al.  Nanoparticle-Mediated Brain-Specific Drug Delivery, Imaging, and Diagnosis , 2010, Pharmaceutical Research.

[41]  Borys Shuter,et al.  Surface functionalization of superparamagnetic nanoparticles for the development of highly efficient magnetic resonance probe for macrophages. , 2011, Contrast media & molecular imaging.

[42]  Donald R McCrimmon,et al.  Biocompatible nanoscale dispersion of single-walled carbon nanotubes minimizes in vivo pulmonary toxicity. , 2010, Nano letters.

[43]  H. Dai,et al.  In vivo quantum dot labeling of mammalian stem and progenitor cells , 2007, Developmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists.

[44]  Terry J. Smith,et al.  Long-term exposure of CdTe quantum dots on PC12 cellular activity and the determination of optimum non-toxic concentrations for biological use , 2010, Journal of nanobiotechnology.

[45]  Günter Oberdörster,et al.  Nanoparticles and the brain: cause for concern?. , 2009, Journal of nanoscience and nanotechnology.

[46]  Hiroyuki Honda,et al.  Medical application of functionalized magnetic nanoparticles. , 2005, Journal of bioscience and bioengineering.

[47]  Anne Lynn S Chang,et al.  A case of argyria after colloidal silver ingestion , 2006, Journal of cutaneous pathology.

[48]  Saber M Hussain,et al.  Assessment of the toxicity of silver nanoparticles in vitro: a mitochondrial perspective. , 2011, Toxicology in vitro : an international journal published in association with BIBRA.

[49]  N. Shibata,et al.  Liquid filled nanoparticles as a drug delivery tool for protein therapeutics. , 2005, Biomaterials.

[50]  Alaaldin M. Alkilany,et al.  Gold nanoparticles in biology: beyond toxicity to cellular imaging. , 2008, Accounts of chemical research.

[51]  G. Rezin,et al.  In vitro effects of silver nanoparticles on the mitochondrial respiratory chain , 2010, Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry.

[52]  John Schlager,et al.  Influence of nanoparticles on blood-brain barrier permeability and brain edema formation in rats. , 2010, Acta neurochirurgica. Supplement.

[53]  Dominique Lison,et al.  Pulmonary overexpression of IL-10 augments lung fibrosis and Th2 responses induced by silica particles. , 2005, American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology.

[54]  Fabio Cerignoli,et al.  Quantum dot-doped silica nanoparticles as probes for targeting of T-lymphocytes , 2007, International journal of nanomedicine.

[55]  Manuela Semmler-Behnke,et al.  Biodistribution of PEG-modified gold nanoparticles following intratracheal instillation and intravenous injection. , 2010, Biomaterials.

[56]  Merle G. Paule,et al.  Brain microvessel endothelial cells responses to gold nanoparticles: In vitro pro-inflammatory mediators and permeability , 2011, Nanotoxicology.

[57]  Hiroyuki Ohshima,et al.  In vitro permeation of gold nanoparticles through rat skin and rat intestine: effect of particle size. , 2008, Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces.

[58]  Indrajit Roy,et al.  In vivo biodistribution and clearance studies using multimodal organically modified silica nanoparticles. , 2010, ACS nano.

[59]  R. Shukla,et al.  Biocompatibility of gold nanoparticles and their endocytotic fate inside the cellular compartment: a microscopic overview. , 2005, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[60]  M. E. Kooi,et al.  Accumulation of Ultrasmall Superparamagnetic Particles of Iron Oxide in Human Atherosclerotic Plaques Can Be Detected by In Vivo Magnetic Resonance Imaging , 2003, Circulation.

[61]  H. Luckarift,et al.  Hybrid antimicrobial enzyme and silver nanoparticle coatings for medical instruments. , 2009, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[62]  Yasuo Tsutsumi,et al.  Silica nanoparticles as hepatotoxicants. , 2009, European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics : official journal of Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Pharmazeutische Verfahrenstechnik e.V.

[63]  H. Dai,et al.  Carbon nanotubes in biology and medicine: In vitro and in vivo detection, imaging and drug delivery , 2009, Nano research.

[64]  Pei-Xun Liu,et al.  Toxicologic effects of gold nanoparticles in vivo by different administration routes , 2010, International journal of nanomedicine.

[65]  H. Schwarz,et al.  Cytotoxicity of single-wall carbon nanotubes on human fibroblasts. , 2006, Toxicology in vitro : an international journal published in association with BIBRA.

[66]  W. D. de Jong,et al.  The kinetics of the tissue distribution of silver nanoparticles of different sizes. , 2010, Biomaterials.

[67]  Terry Gliddon,et al.  A randomized‐controlled trial comparing cadexomer iodine and nanocrystalline silver on the healing of leg ulcers , 2010, Wound repair and regeneration : official publication of the Wound Healing Society [and] the European Tissue Repair Society.

[68]  A. Curtis,et al.  Cell response to dextran-derivatised iron oxide nanoparticles post internalisation. , 2004, Biomaterials.

[69]  Wei Liu,et al.  Enhanced stem cell tracking via electrostatically assembled fluorescent SPION-peptide complexes. , 2009, Nanotechnology.

[70]  Noriyoshi Manabe,et al.  Organ distribution of quantum dots after intraperitoneal administration, with special reference to area-specific distribution in the brain , 2010, Nanotechnology.

[71]  Min Chen,et al.  Formation of nucleoplasmic protein aggregates impairs nuclear function in response to SiO2 nanoparticles. , 2005, Experimental cell research.

[72]  Philip S Low,et al.  In vitro and in vivo two-photon luminescence imaging of single gold nanorods. , 2005, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[73]  J. Jung,et al.  Twenty-Eight-Day Inhalation Toxicity Study of Silver Nanoparticles in Sprague-Dawley Rats , 2007, Inhalation toxicology.

[74]  Xiao-Dong Zhou,et al.  In vitro toxicity of silica nanoparticles in human lung cancer cells. , 2006, Toxicology and applied pharmacology.

[75]  H. Jeng,et al.  Toxicity of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in Mammalian Cells , 2006, Journal of environmental science and health. Part A, Toxic/hazardous substances & environmental engineering.

[76]  Sung Jun Kim,et al.  Inflammatory mediators induced by intratracheal instillation of ultrafine amorphous silica particles. , 2007, Toxicology letters.

[77]  Lisbeth Illum,et al.  Nanoparticles for direct nose-to-brain delivery of drugs. , 2009, International journal of pharmaceutics.

[78]  E. Neuwelt,et al.  Imaging, Distribution, and Toxicity of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Magnetic Resonance Nanoparticles in the Rat Brain and Intracerebral Tumor , 2005, Neurosurgery.

[79]  Wolfgang A. Weber,et al.  Impact of tumor-specific targeting on the biodistribution and efficacy of siRNA nanoparticles measured by multimodality in vivo imaging , 2007, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[80]  Taesung Kim,et al.  Lung Function Changes in Sprague-Dawley Rats After Prolonged Inhalation Exposure to Silver Nanoparticles , 2008, Inhalation toxicology.

[81]  Hao Hong,et al.  Applications of gold nanoparticles in cancer nanotechnology. , 2008, Nanotechnology, science and applications.

[82]  Ajay Kumar Gupta,et al.  Synthesis and surface engineering of iron oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications. , 2005, Biomaterials.

[83]  Laetitia Gonzalez,et al.  Size-dependent cytotoxicity of monodisperse silica nanoparticles in human endothelial cells. , 2009, Small.

[84]  Guofeng Zhou,et al.  Silver nanoparticles crossing through and distribution in the blood-brain barrier in vitro. , 2010, Journal of nanoscience and nanotechnology.

[85]  Hong Ding,et al.  Imaging pancreatic cancer using bioconjugated InP quantum dots. , 2009, ACS nano.

[86]  Jayachandran Venkatesan,et al.  Chitosan Composites for Bone Tissue Engineering—An Overview , 2010, Marine drugs.

[87]  Zhimin Zhu,et al.  Antibacterial titanium plate deposited by silver nanoparticles exhibits cell compatibility , 2010, International journal of nanomedicine.

[88]  Y. Hung,et al.  Assessment of the In Vivo Toxicity of Gold Nanoparticles , 2009, Nanoscale research letters.

[89]  Kohei Tahara,et al.  Improved cellular uptake of chitosan-modified PLGA nanospheres by A549 cells. , 2009, International journal of pharmaceutics.

[90]  W G Reifenrath,et al.  Evaluation of animal models for predicting skin penetration in man. , 1984, Fundamental and applied toxicology : official journal of the Society of Toxicology.

[91]  W. Tan,et al.  Conjugation of biomolecules with luminophore-doped silica nanoparticles for photostable biomarkers. , 2001, Analytical chemistry.

[92]  Lang Tran,et al.  Evaluating the uptake and intracellular fate of polystyrene nanoparticles by primary and hepatocyte cell lines in vitro. , 2010, Toxicology and applied pharmacology.

[93]  P. Baron,et al.  Exposure to Carbon Nanotube Material: Aerosol Release During the Handling of Unrefined Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Material , 2004, Journal of toxicology and environmental health. Part A.

[94]  S. Oldenburg,et al.  Evaluation of Silver Nanoparticle Toxicity in Skin in Vivo and Keratinocytes in Vitro , 2009, Environmental health perspectives.

[95]  M. Staufenbiel,et al.  Noninvasive Magnetic Resonance Imaging Detection of Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy-Related Microvascular Alterations Using Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Particles in APP Transgenic Mouse Models of Alzheimer's Disease: Application to Passive Aβ Immunotherapy , 2011, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[96]  Tina Ehtiati,et al.  CMR2009: 11.06: Reporter gene imaging of novel multimodality-visible encapsulated stem cells for enhanced cell viability in peripheral arterial disease , 2009 .

[97]  Isabelle Raynal,et al.  Macrophage Endocytosis of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: Mechanisms and Comparison of Ferumoxides and Ferumoxtran-10 , 2004, Investigative radiology.

[98]  P. Moretto,et al.  In vitro Percutaneous Absorption and in vivo Stratum Corneum Distribution of an Organic and a Mineral Sunscreen , 2006, Skin Pharmacology and Physiology.

[99]  Ming-Hsien Tsai,et al.  Computational and ultrastructural toxicology of a nanoparticle, Quantum Dot 705, in mice. , 2008, Environmental science & technology.

[100]  Chao Liu,et al.  Comparative study of cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and genotoxicity induced by four typical nanomaterials: the role of particle size, shape and composition , 2009, Journal of applied toxicology : JAT.

[101]  M. Trop Silver-coated dressing acticoat caused raised liver enzymes and argyria-like symptoms in burn patient. , 2006, The Journal of trauma.

[102]  Petra Krystek,et al.  Particle size-dependent organ distribution of gold nanoparticles after intravenous administration. , 2008, Biomaterials.

[103]  T. Webb,et al.  Comparative pulmonary toxicity assessment of single-wall carbon nanotubes in rats. , 2003, Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology.

[104]  Keishiro Tomoda,et al.  Biodistribution of colloidal gold nanoparticles after intravenous administration: effect of particle size. , 2008, Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces.

[105]  S. Okabe,et al.  In vitro toxicity of silver nanoparticles at noncytotoxic doses to HepG2 human hepatoma cells. , 2009, Environmental science & technology.

[106]  K. Paknikar,et al.  Cellular responses induced by silver nanoparticles: In vitro studies. , 2008, Toxicology letters.

[107]  Claus-Michael Lehr,et al.  Human vascular endothelial cells in primary cell culture for the evaluation of nanoparticle bioadhesion. , 2006, Journal of nanoscience and nanotechnology.

[108]  Gorka Orive,et al.  Nanoparticle-Based Technologies for Treating and Imaging Brain Tumors. , 2010, Current cancer drug targets.

[109]  Laetitia Gonzalez,et al.  Nominal and effective dosimetry of silica nanoparticles in cytotoxicity assays. , 2008, Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology.

[110]  Beom Seok Han,et al.  Comparison of gene expression profiles in mice liver following intravenous injection of 4 and 100 nm-sized PEG-coated gold nanoparticles. , 2009, Toxicology letters.

[111]  Yun-Seok Rhee,et al.  Nanomedicine in pulmonary delivery , 2009, International journal of nanomedicine.

[112]  Vincent M. Rotello,et al.  Multimodal drug delivery using gold nanoparticles. , 2009, Nanoscale.

[113]  H. Galla,et al.  Primary cultures of brain microvessel endothelial cells: a valid and flexible model to study drug transport through the blood-brain barrier in vitro. , 2000, Brain research. Brain research protocols.

[114]  Wei Yang,et al.  Inhaled nanoparticles--a current review. , 2008, International journal of pharmaceutics.

[115]  Ralph Weissleder,et al.  Noninvasive detection of clinically occult lymph-node metastases in prostate cancer. , 2003, The New England journal of medicine.

[116]  S. Ryter,et al.  Mechanisms of cell death in oxidative stress. , 2007, Antioxidants & redox signaling.

[117]  M. Fung,et al.  Silver products for medical indications: risk-benefit assessment. , 1996, Journal of toxicology. Clinical toxicology.

[118]  J. Nagy,et al.  Respiratory toxicity of multi-wall carbon nanotubes. , 2005, Toxicology and applied pharmacology.

[119]  Scott W Burchiel,et al.  Pulmonary and systemic immune response to inhaled multiwalled carbon nanotubes. , 2007, Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology.

[120]  A. Nurmikko,et al.  Optical detection of brain cell activity using plasmonic gold nanoparticles. , 2009, Nano letters.

[121]  Abraham Ulman,et al.  Adverse effects of citrate/gold nanoparticles on human dermal fibroblasts. , 2006, Small.

[122]  W G Kreyling,et al.  Long-Term Clearance Kinetics of Inhaled Ultrafine Insoluble Iridium Particles from the Rat Lung, Including Transient Translocation into Secondary Organs , 2004, Inhalation toxicology.

[123]  Zongxi Li,et al.  Engineered design of mesoporous silica nanoparticles to deliver doxorubicin and P-glycoprotein siRNA to overcome drug resistance in a cancer cell line. , 2010, ACS nano.

[124]  Chad A Mirkin,et al.  Transfection of pancreatic islets using polyvalent DNA-functionalized gold nanoparticles. , 2010, Surgery.

[125]  David Bardenstein,et al.  Cell uptake and in vitro toxicity of magnetic nanoparticles suitable for drug delivery. , 2009, Molecular pharmaceutics.

[126]  Vicki Stone,et al.  Toxicology of nanoparticles: A historical perspective , 2007 .

[127]  Nancy A Monteiro-Riviere,et al.  Mechanisms of quantum dot nanoparticle cellular uptake. , 2009, Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology.

[128]  Gerhard Mueller,et al.  Penetration of Titanium Dioxide Microparticles in a Sunscreen Formulation into the Horny Layer and the Follicular Orifice , 1999, Skin Pharmacology and Physiology.

[129]  Vicki Stone,et al.  Efficacy of Simple Short-Term in Vitro Assays for Predicting the Potential of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles to Cause Pulmonary Inflammation , 2008, Environmental health perspectives.

[130]  Ronghua Yang,et al.  Regulation of singlet oxygen generation using single-walled carbon nanotubes. , 2008, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[131]  Mina Choi,et al.  The impact of size on tissue distribution and elimination by single intravenous injection of silica nanoparticles. , 2009, Toxicology letters.

[132]  Vicki Stone,et al.  Quantum dot cytotoxicity in vitro: An investigation into the cytotoxic effects of a series of different surface chemistries and their core/shell materials , 2011, Nanotoxicology.

[133]  Mark R Wiesner,et al.  Comparison of the abilities of ambient and manufactured nanoparticles to induce cellular toxicity according to an oxidative stress paradigm. , 2006, Nano letters.

[134]  Merle G Paule,et al.  Silver nanoparticle induced blood-brain barrier inflammation and increased permeability in primary rat brain microvessel endothelial cells. , 2010, Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology.

[135]  Tal Dvir,et al.  Targeting of polymeric nanoparticles to lung metastases by surface-attachment of YIGSR peptide from laminin. , 2011, Biomaterials.

[136]  J. Veranth,et al.  Cytokine responses of human lung cells (BEAS-2B) treated with micron-sized and nanoparticles of metal oxides compared to soil dusts , 2007, Particle and Fibre Toxicology.

[137]  J. Kanno,et al.  Induction of mesothelioma in p53+/- mouse by intraperitoneal application of multi-wall carbon nanotube. , 2008, The Journal of toxicological sciences.

[138]  Iqbal Ahmad,et al.  Nanotoxicity of pure silica mediated through oxidant generation rather than glutathione depletion in human lung epithelial cells. , 2010, Toxicology.

[139]  G Pohlmann,et al.  A toxicological evaluation of inhaled solid lipid nanoparticles used as a potential drug delivery system for the lung. , 2010, European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics : official journal of Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Pharmazeutische Verfahrenstechnik e.V.

[140]  Feng Zhang,et al.  In-vitro osteogenesis of synovium stem cells induced by controlled release of bisphosphate additives from microspherical mesoporous silica composite. , 2009, Biomaterials.

[141]  R T Borchardt,et al.  Bovine Brain Microvessel Endothelial Cell Monolayers as a Model System for the Blood‐Brain Barrier a , 1987, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[142]  Dong Wan,et al.  PEGylated liposome coated QDs/mesoporous silica core-shell nanoparticles for molecular imaging. , 2011, Chemical communications.

[143]  Dong Hoon Kim,et al.  A case of generalized argyria after ingestion of colloidal silver solution. , 2009, American journal of industrial medicine.

[144]  A. Curtis,et al.  Dextran and albumin derivatised iron oxide nanoparticles: influence on fibroblasts in vitro. , 2003, Biomaterials.

[145]  E. Neuwelt,et al.  Imaging of iron oxide nanoparticles by MR and light microscopy in patients with malignant brain tumours , 2004, Neuropathology and applied neurobiology.

[146]  Xinmai Yang,et al.  Photoacoustic tomography of a rat cerebral cortex in vivo with au nanocages as an optical contrast agent. , 2007, Nano letters.

[147]  Mark E. Davis,et al.  Nanoparticle therapeutics: an emerging treatment modality for cancer , 2008, Nature Reviews Drug Discovery.

[148]  N. Yamashita,et al.  Effect of betamethasone phosphate loaded polymeric nanoparticles on a murine asthma model. , 2009, Cellular immunology.

[149]  Conroy Sun,et al.  Inhibition of tumor-cell invasion with chlorotoxin-bound superparamagnetic nanoparticles. , 2008, Small.

[150]  Warren C W Chan,et al.  Nanoparticle-mediated cellular response is size-dependent. , 2008, Nature nanotechnology.

[151]  D. Chiappetta,et al.  New old challenges in tuberculosis: potentially effective nanotechnologies in drug delivery. , 2010, Advanced drug delivery reviews.

[152]  Jie Zhou,et al.  Surface engineered Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles for intracellular delivery: uptake and cytotoxicity--a confocal raman microscopic study. , 2010, Biomacromolecules.

[153]  Dae-Duk Kim,et al.  Lung-specific delivery of paclitaxel by chitosan-modified PLGA nanoparticles via transient formation of microaggregates. , 2009, Journal of pharmaceutical sciences.

[154]  Ming-Hsien Tsai,et al.  Persistent Tissue Kinetics and Redistribution of Nanoparticles, Quantum Dot 705, in Mice: ICP-MS Quantitative Assessment , 2007, Environmental health perspectives.

[155]  Zita Szikszai,et al.  Investigation of micronized titanium dioxide penetration in human skin xenografts and its effect on cellular functions of human skin‐derived cells , 2008, Experimental dermatology.

[156]  Tae-Jong Yoon,et al.  Toxicity and tissue distribution of magnetic nanoparticles in mice. , 2006, Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology.