Cone penetrometers, as standardized by ASAE, have been used for many years as the primary instrument for
investigating and quantifying soil compaction. Recently, non-standard penetrometers have become commercially available.
These instruments depart from the standard so they can simultaneously sense additional soil parameters [e.g., soil electrical
conductivity (EC)] in addition to cone index (CI). In this research we compared CI data collected with the Veris Profiler 3000
EC-sensing penetrometer to CI data collected with ASAE-standard large cone and small cone penetrometers. The Profiler
operated at a faster insertion speed and exhibited a non-standard cone geometry. Cone geometry had a significant effect when
comparing this penetrometer to standard large and small cones. There was also a significant effect of cone size between the
two standard cones. It was possible to develop CI-dependent equations relating data collected with one tip to data from
another tip, but a large amount of scatter was present in the relationship. No significant effect of insertion speed was detected
among the ASAE-standard insertion speed of 30 mm/s (1.2 in./s) and two higher speeds, 40 and 50 mm/s (1.6 and 2.0 in./s).
The amount of scatter present in replicate CI data was inversely related to cone diameter, indicating that fewer measurements
would be required to obtain a given level of precision with a larger cone.
[1]
J. C. Siemens,et al.
Wheel traffic effects on corn growth
,
1995
.
[2]
Kenneth A. Sudduth,et al.
Soil Electrical Conductivity as a Crop Productivity Measure for Claypan Soils
,
1999
.
[3]
J. V. Perumpral,et al.
Cone Penetrometer Applications — A Review
,
1987
.
[4]
Kenneth A. Sudduth,et al.
Soil electrical conductivity and topography related to yield for three contrasting soil-crop systems
,
2003
.
[5]
D. R. Freitag.
Penetration Tests for Soil Measurements
,
1968
.
[6]
J. W. Hummel,et al.
Widespan Vehicle for Data Collection in Tillage Research
,
1989
.
[7]
Thomas C. Kaspar,et al.
Soil compaction and root growth: a review
,
1994
.
[8]
P. C. Robert,et al.
Using an automated penetrometer and soil EC probe to characterize the rooting zone.
,
2000
.
[9]
J. Bradford.
The penetration resistance in a soil with well-defined structural units.
,
1980
.
[10]
William R. Gill,et al.
Influence of Compaction Hardening of Soil on Penetration Resistance
,
1968
.
[11]
R. L. Raper,et al.
TECHNICAL NOTES: A TRACTOR-MOUNTED MULTIPLE-PROBE SOIL CONE PENETROMETER
,
1999
.