El papel de la hidroelectricidad en el contexto de las energías renovables en España

En el articulo se discute el papel de la energia hidroelectrica en el marco del sistema electrico espanol, donde existe una elevada penetracion de energias no gestionables con una tendencia clara a aumentar en los proximos anos. El desarrollo de nuevas centrales hidroelectricas se basara probablemente en centrales reversibles. La energia hidroelectrica es una tecnologia madura y eficiente para el almacenamiento de energia a gran escala y contribuye por tanto de manera decisiva a la integracion de fuentes renovables no gestionables. Los beneficios obtenidos con la operacion punta-valle pueden ser insuficientes para compensar el coste de una nueva central. Sin embargo, los ingresos obtenidos pueden incrementarse sustancialmente mediante su participacion en los servicios de ajuste del sistema. Ello requeriria un diseno apropiado del mercado electrico. La contribucion de las centrales hidraulicas reversibles al balance produccion-consumo puede extenderse a las horas valle utilizando, bien bombeo en velocidad variable o bien una configuracion de cortocircuito hidraulico. La necesidad de mitigar los efectos hidrologicos aguas abajo de las centrales hidroelectricas puede introducir algunas restricciones en la operacion que limitaria de algun modo los servicios descritos mas arriba. Sin embargo, cabe esperar que los efectos ambientales provocados por las centrales hidraulicas reversibles sean significativamente menores. In this paper the role of hydropower in electric power systems is discussed, in the framework of the Spanish system, where a high penetration of intermittent power sources exists, showing a clear trend to increase in next years. The development of new hydro power facilities will be likely based on pumped storage hydro power plants. Hydropower is a mature and efficient technology for large-scale energy storage and therefore represents a key contribution for the integration of intermittent power sources, such as wind or photovoltaic. The benefits obtained from load shifting may be insufficient to compensate the costs of a new plant. However, the obtained revenues can significantly increase through its contribution to providing ancillary services. This would require an appropriate design of the electricity market. The contribution of pumped storage hydro power plants to balancing services can be extended to off-peak hours, using either variable speed pumping or the hydraulic shortcircuit configuration. The need to mitigate hydrological effects downstream of hydro plants may introduce some operational constraints which could limit to some extent the services described above. However environmental effects caused by pumped storage hydro power plants are expected to be significantly smaller.

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