Characteristics of the leading Lyapunov vector in a turbulent channel flow

The values of the highest Lyapunov exponent (HLE) $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{1}$ for turbulent flow in a plane channel at Reynolds numbers up to $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}=586$ are determined. The instantaneous and statistical properties of the corresponding leading Lyapunov vector (LLV) are investigated. The LLV is calculated by numerical solution of the Navier–Stokes equations linearized about the non-stationary base solution corresponding to the developed turbulent flow. The base turbulent flow is calculated in parallel with the calculation of the evolution of the perturbations. For arbitrary initial conditions, the regime of exponential growth ${\sim}\exp (\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{1}t)$ which corresponds to the approaching of the perturbation to the LLV is achieved already at $t^{+}<50$ . It is found that the HLE increases with increasing Reynolds number from $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{1}^{+}\approx 0.021$ at $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}=180$ to $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{1}^{+}\approx 0.026$ at $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}=586$ . The LLV structures are concentrated mainly in a region of the buffer layer and are manifested in the form of spots of increased fluctuation intensity localized both in time and space. The root-mean-square (r.m.s.) profiles of the velocity and vorticity intensities in the LLV are qualitatively close to the corresponding profiles in the base flow with artificially removed near-wall streaks. The difference is the larger concentration of LLV perturbations in the vicinity of the buffer layer and a relatively larger (by approximately 80 %) amplitude of the vorticity pulsations. Based on the energy spectra of velocity and vorticity pulsations, the integral spatial scales of the LLV structures are determined. It is found that LLV structures are on average twice narrower and twice shorter than the corresponding structures of the base flow. The contribution of each of the terms entering into the expression for the production of the perturbation kinetic energy is determined. It is shown that the process of perturbation development is essentially dictated by the inhomogeneity of the base flow, as well as by the presence of transversal motion in it. Neglecting of these factors leads to a significant underestimation of the perturbation growth rate. The presence of near-wall streaks in the base flow, on the contrary, does not play a significant role in the development of the LLV perturbations. Artificial removal of streaks from the base flow does not change the character of the perturbation growth.