Effects of field of view on presence, enjoyment, memory, and simulator sickness in a virtual environment

The effects of field-of-view (FOV) in a virtual environment (VE) on presence, enjoyment, memory and simulator sickness (SS) were studied. A refined scale, designed to assess subjects' engagement, enjoyment and immersion (E/sup 2/I), was developed. Items to examine subjects' memory of the VE were included. SS was examined using the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ). Using a within-subjects design, data were collected from 10 subjects at four FOVs (60/spl deg/, 100/spl deg/, 140/spl deg/ and 180/spl deg/). The VE, called "Crayolaland", was presented in a driving simulator. The results indicated that presence, enjoyment and SS varied as a function of the display FOV. Subjects exhibited higher SSQ and presence subscale scores with increasing FOV. SSQ and presence values approached asymptotes for FOVs beyond 140/spl deg/. Presence and SS were positively correlated, while enjoyment and SS were negatively correlated.

[1]  J. Dichgans,et al.  Visual-Vestibular Interaction: Effects on Self-Motion Perception and Postural Control , 1978 .

[2]  J. Moran,et al.  Sensation and perception , 1980 .

[3]  J. Hulk,et al.  Vertical Optokinetic Sensations by Limited Stimulation of the Peripheral Field of Vision , 1983 .

[4]  G. Michel,et al.  Restricting the Field of View: Perceptual and Performance Effects , 1990, Perceptual and motor skills.

[5]  Margaret D. Nolan,et al.  Vection and simulator sickness. , 1990, Military psychology : the official journal of the Division of Military Psychology, American Psychological Association.

[6]  D. Teller.  3 – THE DOMAIN OF VISUAL SCIENCE , 1990 .

[7]  W. Warren,et al.  The role of central and peripheral vision in perceiving the direction of self-motion , 1992, Perception & psychophysics.

[8]  Robert S. Kennedy,et al.  Simulator Sickness Questionnaire: An enhanced method for quantifying simulator sickness. , 1993 .

[9]  Mel Slater,et al.  Depth of Presence in Virtual Environments , 1994, Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments.

[10]  John H. Bailey,et al.  Training Dismounted Soldiers in Virtual Environments: Route Learning and Transfer. , 1995 .

[11]  Robert C. Williges,et al.  Effects of Age and Field-of-Viewon Spatial Learning in an Immersive Virtual Environment , 1998 .

[12]  Gavriel Salvendy,et al.  Aftereffects and Sense of Presence in Virtual Environments: Formulation of a Research and Development Agenda , 1998, Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact..

[13]  Michael J. Singer,et al.  Measuring Presence in Virtual Environments: A Presence Questionnaire , 1998, Presence.

[14]  Mel Slater,et al.  Using Presence Questionnaires in Reality , 2000, Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments.

[15]  John R. Wilson,et al.  Measurement of presence and its consequences in virtual environments , 2000, Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud..

[16]  Henry Been-Lirn Duh,et al.  Effects of field of view on balance in an immersive environment , 2001, Proceedings IEEE Virtual Reality 2001.

[17]  Henry Been-Lirn Duh,et al.  Effects of Characteristics of Image Quality in an Immersive Environment , 2002, Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments.

[18]  J. Dichgans,et al.  Differential effects of central versus peripheral vision on egocentric and exocentric motion perception , 1973, Experimental Brain Research.