Monitoring a Building Using Deconvolution Interferometry. I: Earthquake‐Data Analysis

Abstract For health monitoring of a building, we need to separate the response of the building to an earthquake from the imprint of soil‐structure coupling and from wave propagation below the base of the building. Seismic interferometry based on deconvolution, where we deconvolve the wave fields recorded at different floors, is a technique to extract this building response and thus estimate velocity of the wave that propagates inside the building. Deconvolution interferometry also allows us to estimate the damping factor of the building. Compared with other interferometry techniques, such as cross‐correlation and cross‐coherence interferometry, deconvolution interferometry is the most suitable technique to monitor a building using earthquake records. For deconvolution interferometry, we deconvolve the wave fields recorded at all levels with the waves recorded at a target receiver inside the building. This receiver behaves as a virtual source, and we retrieve the response of a cut‐off building, a short building that is cut off at the virtual source. Because the cut‐off building is independent from the structure below the virtual source, the technique might be useful for estimating local structure and local damage. We apply deconvolution interferometry to 17 earthquakes recorded during two weeks at a building in Fukushima, Japan, and estimate time‐lapse changes in velocity and normal‐mode frequency. As shown in a previous study, the change in velocity correlates with the change in normal‐mode frequency. We compute the velocities from both traveling waves and the fundamental mode using coda‐wave interferometry. These velocities have a negative correlation with the maximum acceleration of the observed earthquake records.

[1]  Mihailo D. Trifunac,et al.  Comparisons between ambient and forced vibration experiments , 1972 .

[2]  K. Wapenaar,et al.  Tutorial on seismic interferometry: Part 1 — Basic principles and applications , 2010 .

[3]  K. Wapenaar,et al.  Green's function representations for seismic interferometry , 2006 .

[4]  M. D. Trifunac,et al.  Ambient Vibration Tests of Structures−a Review , 2001 .

[5]  Mihailo D. Trifunac,et al.  Impulse response analysis of the Van Nuys 7‐storey hotel during 11 earthquakes and earthquake damage detection , 2008 .

[6]  R. Weaver,et al.  On the emergence of the Green's function in the correlations of a diffuse field: pulse-echo using thermal phonons. , 2001, Ultrasonics.

[7]  Roel Snieder,et al.  Coda Wave Interferometry for Estimating Nonlinear Behavior in Seismic Velocity , 2002, Science.

[8]  N. Nakata,et al.  Near‐surface weakening in Japan after the 2011 Tohoku‐Oki earthquake , 2011 .

[9]  Roel Snieder,et al.  Equivalence of the virtual-source method and wave-field deconvolution in seismic interferometry. , 2006, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[10]  Keiiti Aki,et al.  Space and Time Spectra of Stationary Stochastic Waves, with Special Reference to Microtremors , 1957 .

[11]  Christoph Sens-Schönfelder,et al.  Passive image interferometry and seasonal variations of seismic velocities at Merapi Volcano, Indonesia , 2006 .

[12]  A. Derode,et al.  Empirical synthesis of time-asymmetrical Green functions from the correlation of coda waves , 2005 .

[13]  Thomas H. Heaton,et al.  Propagating Waves in the Steel, Moment-Frame Factor Building Recorded during Earthquakes , 2007 .

[14]  M. Fink,et al.  How to estimate the Green’s function of a heterogeneous medium between two passive sensors? Application to acoustic waves , 2003 .

[15]  William L. Ellsworth,et al.  Monitoring velocity variations in the crust using earthquake doublets: An application to the Calaveras Fault, California , 1984 .

[16]  Monica D. Kohler,et al.  Earthquake and Ambient Vibration Monitoring of the Steel-Frame UCLA Factor Building , 2005 .

[17]  Thomas H. Heaton,et al.  The Observed Wander of the Natural Frequencies in a Structure , 2006 .

[18]  N. Nakata,et al.  Shear-wave Imaging From Traffic Noise Using Seismic Interferometry By Cross-coherence , 2011 .

[19]  D. Thomson,et al.  Spectrum estimation and harmonic analysis , 1982, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[20]  Kees Wapenaar,et al.  Spurious multiples in seismic interferometry of primaries , 2006 .

[21]  Clotaire Michel,et al.  Dynamic parameters of structures extracted from ambient vibration measurements : An aid for the seismic vulnerability assessment of existing buildings in moderate seismic hazard regions , 2007, 0710.1210.

[22]  Evert Slob,et al.  A Comparison of Strategies for Seismic Interferometry , 2009 .

[23]  Roel Snieder,et al.  Estimating near‐surface shear wave velocities in Japan by applying seismic interferometry to KiK‐net data , 2012 .

[24]  Mihailo D. Trifunac,et al.  Apparent Periods of a Building. II: Time-Frequency Analysis , 2001 .

[25]  C. Torrence,et al.  A Practical Guide to Wavelet Analysis. , 1998 .

[26]  Erdal S¸afak,et al.  Detection and Identification of Soil-Structure Interaction in Buildings from Vibration Recordings , 1995 .

[27]  Hideji Kawakami,et al.  A New Method for Propagation Analysis of Earthquake Waves in Damaged Buildings: Evolutionary Normalized Input-Output Minimization (NIOM) , 2003 .

[28]  Bill Kraft,et al.  Comparison of Strategies , 2012 .

[29]  M. Biot,et al.  Theory of Elastic Systems Vibrating under Transient Impulse with an Application to Earthquake-Proof Buildings. , 1933, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[30]  N. Nakata,et al.  Time‐lapse change in anisotropy in Japan's near surface after the 2011 Tohoku‐Oki earthquake , 2012 .

[31]  J. Sheng,et al.  Interferometric/daylight seismic imaging , 2004 .

[32]  Richard L. Weaver,et al.  On the emergence of the Green's function in the correlations of a diffuse field: pulse-echo using thermal phonons. , 2001, Ultrasonics.

[33]  N. Nakata,et al.  Shear wave imaging from traffic noise using seismic interferometry by cross-coherence , 2011 .

[34]  Mihailo D. Trifunac,et al.  Earthquake damage detection in the Imperial County Services Building III: Analysis of wave travel times via impulse response functions , 2008 .

[35]  R. Weaver,et al.  Coda-wave interferometry in finite solids: recovery of P-to-S conversion rates in an elastodynamic billiard. , 2003, Physical review letters.

[36]  Thorne Lay,et al.  Quantitative Seismology, Second Edition , 2003 .

[37]  安芸 敬一.  Space and time spectra of stationary stochastic waves, with special reference to microtremors , 1959 .

[38]  Philippe Roux,et al.  Stability of monitoring weak changes in multiply scattering media with ambient noise correlation: laboratory experiments. , 2009, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[39]  Dean S. Carder,et al.  Observed vibrations of buildings , 1936 .

[40]  R. Weaver,et al.  On the precision of noise‐correlation interferometry. , 2009, 1103.1785.

[41]  S. S. Ivanović,et al.  Apparent Periods of a Building. I: Fourier Analysis , 2001 .

[42]  R. Snieder.  Extracting the Green's function from the correlation of coda waves: a derivation based on stationary phase. , 2004, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[43]  R. Snieder,et al.  Constraining the source separation with coda wave interferometry: Theory and application to earthquake doublets in the Hayward fault, California , 2005 .

[44]  Anshel J. Schiff,et al.  Analysis of current methods of interpreting strong-motion accelerograms , 1967 .

[45]  Roel Snieder,et al.  Extracting the Building Response Using Seismic Interferometry: Theory and Application to the Millikan Library in Pasadena, California , 2006 .

[46]  Monica D. Kohler,et al.  Short Note Impulse Response of Civil Structures from Ambient Noise Analysis , 2010 .

[47]  Katsutada Sezawa,et al.  Energy Dissipation in Seismic Vibrations of Actual Buildings , 1935 .