Physical properties of hydrate‐bearing sediments

[1] Methane gas hydrates, crystalline inclusion compounds formed from methane and water, are found in marine continental margin and permafrost sediments worldwide. This article reviews the current understanding of phenomena involved in gas hydrate formation and the physical properties of hydrate-bearing sediments. Formation phenomena include pore-scale habit, solubility, spatial variability, and host sediment aggregate properties. Physical properties include thermal properties, permeability, electrical conductivity and permittivity, small-strain elastic P and S wave velocities, shear strength, and volume changes resulting from hydrate dissociation. The magnitudes and interdependencies of these properties are critically important for predicting and quantifying macroscale responses of hydrate-bearing sediments to changes in mechanical, thermal, or chemical boundary conditions. These predictions are vital for mitigating borehole, local, and regional slope stability hazards; optimizing recovery techniques for extracting methane from hydrate-bearing sediments or sequestering carbon dioxide in gas hydrate; and evaluating the role of gas hydrate in the global carbon cycle.

[1]  J. Dvorkin.  Interpreter's CornerSeismic wave attenuation in a methane hydrate reservoir , 2004 .

[2]  D. Hutchinson,et al.  Electromagnetic surveying of seafloor mounds in the northern Gulf of Mexico , 2008 .

[3]  G. McMechan,et al.  Estimation of gas hydrate and free gas saturation, concentration, and distribution from seismic data , 2002 .

[4]  E. Rosenbaum,et al.  Thermal conductivity of methane hydrate from experiment and molecular simulation. , 2007, The journal of physical chemistry. B.

[5]  Y. P. Handa.  Effect of hydrostatic pressure and salinity on the stability of gas hydrates , 1990 .

[6]  S. W. Agaiby,et al.  Experimental study of undrained lateral and moment behavior of drilled shafts during static and cyclic loading , 1992 .

[7]  W. Winters.  Physical Properties of Sediment Obtained During the IMAGES VIII/PAGE 127 Gas Hydrate and Paleoclimate Cruise on the RV Marion Dufresne in the Gulf of Mexico, 2-18 July 2002 , 2002 .

[8]  Amos Nur,et al.  Linking oil production to surface subsidence from satellite radar interferometry , 2001 .

[9]  James G. Berryman,et al.  Thermal conductivity of porous media , 2004 .

[10]  S. Dallimore,et al.  Overview of science program, JAPEX/JNOC/GSC Mallik 2L-38 gas hydrate research well , 1999 .

[11]  Scott J. Wilson,et al.  AN INTERNATIONAL EFFORT TO COMPARE GAS HYDRATE RESERVOIR SIMULATORS , 2008 .

[12]  Rui Sun,et al.  An accurate model to predict the thermodynamic stability of methane hydrate and methane solubility in marine environments , 2007 .

[13]  K. Pruess,et al.  TOUGH2 User's Guide Version 2 , 1999 .

[14]  J. S. Booth,et al.  Offshore gas hydrate sample database with an overview and preliminary analysis , 1996 .

[15]  T. Minshull,et al.  The effect of hydrate content on seismic attenuation: A case study for Mallik 2L‐38 well data, Mackenzie delta, Canada , 2004 .

[16]  Shuanshi Fan,et al.  Measuring and modeling thermal conductivity of gas hydrate‐bearing sand , 2005 .

[17]  C. Ruppel,et al.  Permeability evolution during the formation of gas hydrates in marine sediments , 2003 .

[18]  R. Hyndman,et al.  Seismic velocity studies of a gas hydrate bottom-simulating reflector on the northern Cascadia continental margin: Amplitude modeling and full waveform inversion , 1999 .

[19]  B. Tohidi,et al.  A new approach in modelling phase equilibria and gas solubility in electrolyte solutions and its applications to gas hydrates , 2004 .

[20]  C. Clayton,et al.  Disturbances due to Tube Sampling in Coastal Soils , 2000 .

[21]  D. Grauls.  Gas hydrates: importance and applications in petroleum exploration , 2001 .

[22]  E. D. Sloan,et al.  Solubility Effects on Growth and Dissolution of Methane Hydrate Needles , 2022 .

[23]  R. C. Weast.  CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics , 1973 .

[24]  Huen Lee,et al.  Enthalpies of dissociation of clathrate hydrates of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, (carbon dioxide + nitrogen), and (carbon dioxide + nitrogen + tetrahydrofuran) , 2001 .

[25]  Gilles Guerin,et al.  Sonic attenuation in the JAPEX/JNOC/GSC et al. Mallik 5L-38 gas hydrate production research well , 2005 .

[26]  Rebecca B. Latimer.  Seismic wave attenuation in a methane hydrate reservoir , 2022 .

[27]  M. E. Mackay,et al.  Origin of bottom-simulating reflectors: Geophysical evidence from the Cascadia accretionary prism , 1994 .

[28]  T. Ebinuma,et al.  Structural Investigation of Methane Hydrate Sediments by Microfocus X-ray Computed Tomography Technique under High-Pressure Conditions , 2006 .

[29]  C. Ruppel,et al.  Thermal Conductivity Measurements in Porous Mixtures of Methane Hydrate and Quartz Sand , 2002 .

[30]  Alan Judd,et al.  Seabed Fluid Flow: The Impact on Geology, Biology and the Marine Environment , 2007 .

[31]  A. Hachikubo,et al.  DISSOCIATION AND SPECIFIC HEATS OF GAS HYDRATES UNDER SUBMARINE AND SUBLACUSTRINE ENVIRONMENTS , 2008 .

[32]  J. Santamarina,et al.  Attenuation in sand: an exploratory study on the small-strain behavior and the influence of moisture condensation , 2007 .

[33]  Timothy J Kneafsey,et al.  Correspondence of the Gardner and van Genuchten–Mualem relative permeability function parameters , 2007 .

[34]  C. Clayton,et al.  TESTING OF PRESSURISED CORES CONTAINING GAS HYDRATE FROM DEEP OCEAN SEDIMENTS , 2008 .

[35]  C.R.I. Clayton,et al.  Disturbance of the Bothkennar clay prior to laboratory testing , 1992 .

[36]  Joo-yong Lee,et al.  Hydrate-bearing sediments: Formation and geophysical properties , 2007 .

[37]  E. Sloan,et al.  Effect of granular sediment on some thermal properties of tetrahydrofuran hydrate , 1985 .

[38]  J. Santamarina,et al.  Suspension extraction through an opening before clogging , 2004 .

[39]  P. Flemings,et al.  Passing gas through the hydrate stability zone at southern Hydrate Ridge, offshore Oregon , 2006 .

[40]  T S Collett,et al.  Assessments of gas hydrate concentrations estimated from sonic logs in the JAPEX/JNOC/GSC et al. Mallik 5L-38 gas hydrate research production well , 2005 .

[41]  J. Santamarina,et al.  Mineral dissolution and the evolution of k0. , 2009 .

[42]  Timothy S. Collett,et al.  Relationship of gas hydrate concentration to porosity and reflection amplitude in a research well, Mackenzie Delta, Canada , 2002 .

[43]  T. Lambe,et al.  The Strength of “Undisturbed” Clay Determined from Undrained Tests , 1964 .

[44]  J. Carcione,et al.  Bottom-simulating reflectors: Seismic velocities and AVO effects , 2000 .

[45]  R. Kleinberg,et al.  Saturation, Acoustic Properties, Growth Habit, and State of Stress of a Gas Hydrate Reservoir from Well Logs , 2006 .

[46]  M. Reagan,et al.  Strategies for gas production from oceanic Class 3 hydrate accumulations , 2007 .

[47]  William F. Waite,et al.  PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF REPRESSURIZED SAMPLES RECOVERED DURING THE 2006 NATIONAL GAS HYDRATE PROGRAM EXPEDITION OFFSHORE INDIA , 2008 .

[48]  R. J. Martin,et al.  Development of an automated, high pressure heat flux calorimeter and its application to measure the heat of dissociation and hydrate numbers of methane hydrate , 1990 .

[49]  P. Englezos,et al.  Prediction of gas hydrate formation conditions in aqueous electrolyte solutions , 1988 .

[50]  L. Stern,et al.  The role of water in gas hydrate dissociation , 2004 .

[51]  Cemented soils: small strain stiffness , 2008 .

[52]  T. Mukerji,et al.  The Rock Physics Handbook: Contents , 2009 .

[53]  N. Dutta,et al.  Exploration for gas hydrates in the deepwater, northern Gulf of Mexico: Part II. Model validation by drilling , 2008 .

[54]  Tae Sup Yun,et al.  Physical characterization of core samples recovered from Gulf of Mexico , 2006 .

[55]  Gye-Chun Cho,et al.  Gas hydrate dissociation in sediments: Pressure‐temperature evolution , 2008 .

[56]  V. P. Voronov,et al.  Thermodynamic properties of methane hydrate in quartz powder. , 2007, The journal of physical chemistry. B.

[57]  M. Lee,et al.  Biot–Gassmann theory for velocities of gas hydrate‐bearing sediments , 2002 .

[58]  J. Santamarina,et al.  Fundamental study of thermal conduction in dry soils , 2008 .

[59]  L. Stern,et al.  NATURAL GAS HYDRATES UP CLOSE: A COMPARISON OF GRAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF SAMPLES FROM MARINE AND PERMAFROST ENVIRONMENTS AS REVEALED BY CRYOGENIC SEM , 2008 .

[60]  D. Peters,et al.  Gumusut-Kakap Project: Geohazard Characterisation and Impact on Field Development Plans , 2008 .

[61]  George J. Moridis,et al.  Numerical Studies of Gas Production From Methane Hydrates , 2003 .

[62]  L. F. Koederitz,et al.  Relative Permeability Of Petroleum Reservoirs , 1986 .

[63]  E. Spangenberg.  Modeling of the influence of gas hydrate content on the electrical properties of porous sediments , 2001 .

[64]  F. Coren,et al.  Gas hydrate physical properties imaging by multi-attribute analysis — Blake Ridge BSR case history , 2001 .

[65]  Yash Paul Handa,et al.  Compositions, enthalpies of dissociation, and heat capacities in the range 85 to 270 K for clathrate hydrates of methane, ethane, and propane, and enthalpy of dissociation of isobutane hydrate, as determined by a heat-flow calorimeter , 1986 .

[66]  A. Revil,et al.  Thermal conductivity of unconsolidated sediments with geophysical applications , 2000 .

[67]  N. Chapman,et al.  Decreased stability of methane hydrates in marine sediments owing to phase-boundary roughness , 2002, Nature.

[68]  Jack C. Parker,et al.  A parametric model for constitutive properties governing multiphase flow in porous media , 1987 .

[69]  T. Inoue,et al.  Scientific results from the Mallik 2002 gas hydrate production research well program, Mackenzie Delta, northwest territories, Canada: Preface , 2005 .

[70]  Tae Sup Yun,et al.  Geophysical and geotechnical properties of near-seafloor sediments in the northern Gulf of Mexico gas hydrate province , 2005 .

[71]  Gerald D. Holder,et al.  The Potential of Natural Gas Hydrates as an Energy Resource , 1984 .

[72]  T. Collett.  Energy resource potential of natural gas hydrates , 2002 .

[73]  B. Buffett,et al.  Phase equilibrium of gas hydrate: Implications for the formation of hydrate in the deep sea floor , 1997 .

[74]  M. Lee,et al.  Seismic velocities for hydrate-bearing sediments using weighted equation , 1996 .

[75]  Dante Fratta,et al.  A Survey of Elastic and Electromagnetic Properties of Near-Surface Soils , 2009 .

[76]  J. Carcione,et al.  Measurement of P- and S-wave velocities, and the estimation of hydrate concentration at sites in the continental margin of Svalbard and the Storegga region of Norway , 2005 .

[77]  Pierre Henry,et al.  Formation of natural gas hydrates in marine sediments: 2. Thermodynamic calculations of stability conditions in porous sediments , 1999 .

[78]  A. Nur,et al.  Elastic wave speeds and moduli in polycrystalline ice Ih, sI methane hydrate, and sII methane‐ethane hydrate , 2009 .

[79]  Pierre Henry,et al.  Formation of natural gas hydrates in marine sediments 1. Conceptual model of gas hydrate growth conditioned by host sediment properties , 1999 .

[80]  Van Genuchten,et al.  A closed-form equation for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils , 1980 .

[81]  D. Archer.  Methane hydrate stability and anthropogenic climate change , 2007 .

[82]  J. Carlos Santamarina,et al.  Contraction-driven shear failure in compacting uncemented sediments , 2008 .

[83]  J. Grozic,et al.  Submarine slope failure due to gas hydrate dissociation: a preliminary quantification , 2007 .

[84]  J. Maxwell.  A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism , 1873, Nature.

[85]  L. P. Filippov,et al.  Handbook of Thermal Conductivity of Liquids and Gases , 1993 .

[86]  William F. Waite,et al.  Sediment properties associated with gas hydrate formation , 2002 .

[87]  G. E. Archie.  The electrical resistivity log as an aid in determining some reservoir characteristics , 1942 .

[88]  J. Brooks,et al.  Gas hydrate that breaches the sea floor on the continental slope of the Gulf of Mexico , 1994 .

[89]  J. Grozic,et al.  Determination of synthetic hydrate content in sand specimens using dielectrics , 2006 .

[90]  A. Nur,et al.  Introduction to Physical Properties and Elasticity Models , 2000 .

[91]  R. Kayen,et al.  Pleistocene slope instability of gas hydrate‐laden sediment on the Beaufort sea margin , 1991 .

[92]  A. V. Egorov,et al.  Gas hydrates that outcrop on the sea floor: stability models , 1999 .

[93]  R. McIver.  Role of Naturally Occurring Gas Hydrates in Sediment Transport , 1982 .

[94]  M. Lee,et al.  Amplitude loss of sonic waveform due to source coupling to the medium , 2007 .

[95]  E. Dendy Sloan,et al.  Introductory overview: Hydrate knowledge development , 2004 .

[96]  G. Ahmadi,et al.  Constant rate natural gas production from a well in a hydrate reservoir , 2003 .

[97]  Y. Sun,et al.  Dielectric method of high‐resolution gas hydrate estimation , 2005 .

[98]  T. Collett,et al.  Detection of gas hydrate with downhole logs and assessment of gas hydrate concentrations (saturations) and gas volumes on the Blake Ridge with electrical resistivity log data , 2000 .

[99]  B. Buffett,et al.  Thermodynamic conditions for the stability of gas hydrate in the seafloor , 1998 .

[100]  Takashi Uchida,et al.  Petrophysical Properties of Natural Gas Hydrates‐Bearing Sands and Their Sedimentology in the Nankai Trough , 2004 .

[101]  Robert Horton,et al.  An Improved Model for Predicting Soil Thermal Conductivity from Water Content at Room Temperature , 2007 .

[102]  W. Lu,et al.  Determination of methane concentrations in water in equilibrium with sI methane hydrate in the absence of a vapor phase by in situ Raman spectroscopy , 2008 .

[103]  J. C. Santamarina,et al.  Mechanical and electromagnetic properties of northern Gulf of Mexico sediments with and without THF hydrates , 2008 .

[104]  Tae Sup Yun,et al.  Observations related to tetrahydrofuran and methane hydrates for laboratory studies of hydrate‐bearing sediments , 2007 .

[105]  A. Macchi,et al.  Theoretical temperature dependency of gas hydrate former solubility under hydrate-liquid water equilibrium , 2007 .

[106]  P. Flemings,et al.  Critical pressure and multiphase flow in Blake Ridge gas hydrates , 2003 .

[107]  F. Gaßmann.  Uber die Elastizitat poroser Medien. , 1961 .

[108]  Gerald R. Dickens,et al.  Gas Hydrates in Marine Sediments: Lessons from Scientific Ocean Drilling , 2006 .

[109]  P. Long,et al.  Estimates of in situ gas hydrate concentration from resistivity monitoring of gas hydrate bearing sediments during temperature equilibration , 2006 .

[110]  C. S. Lee,et al.  Liquid Water−Hydrate Equilibrium Measurements and Unified Predictions of Hydrate-Containing Phase Equilibria for Methane, Ethane, Propane, and Their Mixtures , 2003 .

[111]  J. Carcione,et al.  Elastic velocity models for gas-hydrate-bearing sediments - a comparison , 2004 .

[112]  W. Waite,et al.  SEEDING HYDRATE FORMATION IN WATER-SATURATED SAND WITH DISSOLVED-PHASE METHANE OBTAINED FROM HYDRATE DISSOLUTION: A PROGRESS REPORT , 2008 .

[113]  N. Sultana,et al.  Dynamics of gas hydrate: case of the Congo continental slope , 2005 .

[114]  Tae Sup Yun,et al.  Thermal conductivity of hydrate‐bearing sediments , 2009 .

[115]  Myung-Wook Lee.  Models for Gas Hydrate-Bearing Sediments Inferred from Hydraulic Permeability and Elastic Velocities , 2008 .

[116]  J. Rutqvist,et al.  GEOMECHANICAL RESPONSE OF KNOWN PERMAFROST HYDRATE DEPOSITS TO DEPRESSURIZATION-INDUCED PRODUCTION , 2008 .

[117]  Braja M. Das,et al.  Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering , 1985 .

[118]  William F. Waite,et al.  Estimating pore‐space gas hydrate saturations from well log acoustic data , 2008 .

[119]  J. Toll.  Causality and the Dispersion Relation: Logical Foundations , 1956 .

[120]  T. Matveeva,et al.  24. Sediment grain-size control on gas hydrate presence, sites 994, 995, and 997 , 2000 .

[121]  Stephen H. Kirby,et al.  Polycrystalline Methane Hydrate: Synthesis from Superheated Ice, and Low-Temperature Mechanical Properties , 1998 .

[122]  Minoru Matsuo,et al.  EFFECTS OF PLASTICITY AND SAMPLE DISTURBANCE ON STATISTICAL PROPERTIES OF UNDRAINED SHEAR STRENGTH , 1988 .

[123]  Gerald R. Dickens,et al.  Direct measurement of in situ methane quantities in a large gas-hydrate reservoir , 1997, Nature.

[124]  J. Trusler,et al.  Speeds of sound in {(1 − x)CH4 + xN2} with x = (0.10001, 0.19999, and 0.5422) at temperatures between 170 K and 400 K and pressures up to 30 MPa , 2006 .

[125]  L. K. Thomas,et al.  Water Induced Compaction in the Ekofisk Field , 1999 .

[126]  Adam Koesoemadinata,et al.  Exploration for gas hydrates in the deepwater, northern Gulf of Mexico: Part I. A seismic approach based on geologic model, inversion, and rock physics principles , 2008 .

[127]  J. Santamarina,et al.  Electrical Conductivity in Soils: Underlying Phenomena , 2003 .

[128]  N. K. Thakur,et al.  Fluid flow related features as an indicator of potential gas hydrate zone: western continental margin of India , 2006 .

[129]  S. Dallimore,et al.  Summary and implications of the Mallik 2002 Gas Hydrate Production Research Well Program , 2005 .

[130]  Zhenhao Duan,et al.  A thermodynamic model for calculating methane solubility, density and gas phase composition of methane-bearing aqueous fluids from 273 to 523 K and from 1 to 2000 bar , 2006 .

[131]  C. Ruppel,et al.  26. SEISMIC AND THERMAL INVESTIGATIONS OF THE BLAKE RIDGE GAS HYDRATE AREA: A SYNTHESIS 1 , 2000 .

[132]  Lars Inge Berge,et al.  Measured acoustic wave velocities of R11 (CCl3F) hydrate samples with and without sand as a function of hydrate concentration , 1999 .

[133]  E. D. Sloan,et al.  Theory and measurement of hydrate dissociation , 1987 .

[134]  Tae Sup Yun,et al.  Compressional and shear wave velocities in uncemented sediment containing gas hydrate , 2005 .

[135]  M. Juul Hvorslev,et al.  Subsurface exploration and sampling of soil for civil engineering purposes , 1949 .

[136]  Nabil Sultan,et al.  Detection of free gas and gas hydrate based on 3D seismic data and cone penetration testing: An example from the Nigerian Continental Slope , 2007 .

[137]  H Grace,et al.  DISCUSSION ON AIRPORT PAPER NO. 35: THE PLANNING AND DESIGN OF THE NEW HONG KONG AIRPORT. , 1957 .

[138]  R. N. Edwards.  On the resource evaluation of marine gas hydrate deposits using sea‐floor transient electric dipole‐dipole methods , 1997 .

[139]  E. Dendy Sloan,et al.  Heat capacity and heat of dissociation of methane hydrates , 1988 .

[140]  Cor J. Peters,et al.  Occurrence of methane hydrate in saturated and unsaturated solutions of sodium chloride and water in dependence of temperature and pressure , 1983 .

[141]  M. Lee,et al.  Gas hydrate and free gas saturations estimated from velocity logs on Hydrate Ridge, offshore Oregon, USA , 2005 .

[142]  George J. Moridis,et al.  Preliminary report on the commercial viability of gas production from natural gas hydrates , 2009 .

[143]  R. Kleinberg,et al.  Magnetic resonance log of JAPEX/JNOC/GSC et al. Mallik 5L-38 gas hydrate production research well: gas hydrate saturation, growth habit, and relative permeability , 2005 .

[144]  R. Larsen,et al.  NMR Imaging Study of Hydrates in Sediments , 2000 .

[145]  S. Dallimore,et al.  Scientific Results from JAPEX/JNOC/GSC Mallik 2L-38 Gas Hydrate Research Well, Mackenzie Delta, Northwest Territories, Canada , 1999 .

[146]  D. Goldberg,et al.  Sonic waveform attenuation in gas hydrate-bearing sediments from the Mallik 2L-38 research well, Mackenzie Delta, Canada , 2002 .

[147]  Paul L. Stoffa,et al.  Quantitative detection of methane hydrate through high-resolution seismic velocity analysis , 1994 .

[148]  Kerry Key,et al.  First results from a marine controlled‐source electromagnetic survey to detect gas hydrates offshore Oregon , 2006 .

[149]  Huen Lee,et al.  Hydration number and two‐phase equilibria of CH4 hydrate in the deep ocean sediments , 2002 .

[150]  Carolyn A. Koh,et al.  Clathrate hydrates of natural gases , 1990 .

[151]  John A. Hudson,et al.  Elastic properties of hydrate‐bearing sediments using effective medium theory , 2000 .

[152]  Vincent C. Tidwell,et al.  Laboratory method for investigating permeability upscaling , 1997 .

[153]  W. A. Wensink,et al.  Dielectric Properties of Wet Soils in the Frequency Range 1-3000 MHz1 , 1993 .

[154]  John F. George,et al.  ANALYSIS OF MODULAR DYNAMIC FORMATION TEST RESULTS FROM THE MOUNT ELBERT-01 STRATIGRAPHIC TEST WELL, MILNE POINT UNIT, NORTH SLOPE ALASKA , 2008 .

[155]  M. Lee,et al.  Gas hydrate saturations estimated from fractured reservoir at Site NGHP-01-10, Krishna-Godavari Basin, India , 2009 .

[156]  M. Kowalsky,et al.  Depressurization-Induced Gas Production From Class-1 Hydrate Deposits , 2005 .

[157]  R. Hyndman,et al.  Seismic velocity increase and deep‐sea gas hydrate concentration above a bottom‐simulating reflector on the northern Cascadia continental slope , 1996 .

[158]  Johannes Kulenkampff,et al.  Influence of methane hydrate content on electrical sediment properties , 2006 .

[159]  Amos Nur,et al.  Elastic‐wave velocity in marine sediments with gas hydrates: Effective medium modeling , 1999 .

[160]  J. Santamarina,et al.  THE IMPACT OF HYDRATE SATURATION ON THE MECHANICAL, ELECTRICAL, AND THERMAL PROPERTIES OF HYDRATE-BEARING SAND, SILTS, AND CLAY , 2008 .

[161]  J. Santamarina,et al.  Particle transport in a nonuniform flow field : Retardation and clogging , 2007 .

[162]  Bruce A. Buffett,et al.  Experimental study of the stability of CO2-hydrate in a porous medium , 2001 .

[163]  Phillip Servio,et al.  Prediction of methane and carbon dioxide solubility in water in the presence of hydrate , 2006 .

[164]  K. Rose,et al.  Scientific Objectives of the Gulf of Mexico Gas Hydrate JIP Leg II Drilling , 2008 .

[165]  Tae Sup Yun,et al.  Mechanical properties of sand, silt, and clay containing tetrahydrofuran hydrate , 2007 .

[166]  R. Pohl,et al.  Thermal boundary resistance , 1989 .

[167]  M. Lee.  Amount of gas hydrate estimated from compressional- and shear-wave velocities at the JAPEX/JNOC/GSC Mallik 2L-38 gas hydrate research well , 1999 .

[168]  A. Malinverno,et al.  Gas hydrate occurrence from pore water chlorinity and downhole logs in a transect across the northern Cascadia margin (Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 311) , 2008 .

[169]  George J. Moridis,et al.  Analysis and interpretation of the thermal test of gas hydrate dissociation in the JAPEX/JNOC/GSC et al. Mallik 5L-38 gas hydrate production research well , 2005 .

[170]  D. Goldberg,et al.  Modeling of acoustic wave dissipation in gas hydrate–bearing sediments , 2005 .

[171]  Peter B. Flemings,et al.  Dynamic multiphase flow model of hydrate formation in marine sediments , 2007 .

[172]  J. Carlos Santamarina,et al.  Volume change associated with formation and dissociation of hydrate in sediment , 2010 .

[173]  Werner F. Kuhs,et al.  Microstructure of gas hydrates in porous media , 2007 .

[174]  P. Bishnoi,et al.  Development of a new four-parameter cubic equation of state , 1987 .

[175]  Ross Anderson,et al.  Visual observation of gas-hydrate formation and dissociation in synthetic porous media by means of glass micromodels , 2001 .

[176]  C. Clayton,et al.  The structure of hydrate bearing fine grained marine sediments , 2008 .

[177]  Yoshihiro Masuda,et al.  Analysis of the JAPEX/JNOC/GSC et al. Mallik 5L-38 gas hydrate thermal-production test through numerical simulation , 2005 .

[178]  Jun-Wei Huang,et al.  Seismic modeling of multidimensional heterogeneity scales of Mallik gas hydrate reservoirs, Northwest Territories of Canada , 2009 .

[179]  J. C. Santamarina,et al.  Soil behaviour: The role of particle shape , 2004 .

[180]  S. Garg,et al.  A mathematical model for the formation and dissociation of methane hydrates in the marine environment , 2008 .

[181]  N. Sultana,et al.  Effect of gas hydrates melting on seafloor slope instability , 2005 .

[182]  W. Waite,et al.  Methane hydrate formation in partially water-saturated Ottawa sand , 2004 .

[183]  Wenyue Xu,et al.  Predicting the occurrence, distribution, and evolution of methane gas hydrate in porous marine sediments , 1999 .

[184]  C. Ruppel.  Thermal State of the Gas Hydrate Reservoir , 2000 .

[185]  W. Waite,et al.  Thermal property measurements in Tetrahydrofuran (THF) hydrate and hydrate-bearing sediment between -25 and +4°C, and their application to methane hydrate , 2005 .

[186]  William F. Waite,et al.  Simultaneous determination of thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity and specific heat in sI methane hydrate , 2007 .

[187]  E. D. Sloan,et al.  Hydrate dissociation enthalpy and guest size , 1992 .

[188]  E. D. Sloan,et al.  Measurements of methane hydrate heat of dissociation using high pressure differential scanning calorimetry , 2008 .

[189]  Dominique Richon,et al.  Solubility measurement and modeling of water in the gas phase of the methane/water binary system at temperatures from 283.08 to 318.12 K and pressures up to 34.5 MPa , 2003 .

[190]  M. Torres,et al.  Fluid and chemical fluxes in and out of sediments hosting methane hydrate deposits on Hydrate Ridge, OR, I: Hydrological provinces , 2002 .

[191]  Peter B. Flemings,et al.  Data Report: Consolidation and Strength Characteristics of Sediments from ODP Site 1244, Hydrate Ridge, Cascadia Continental Margin , 2006 .

[192]  L. Stern,et al.  Thermodynamic calculations in the system CH4-H2O and methane hydrate phase equilibria. , 2006, The journal of physical chemistry. B.

[193]  J. J. Murray,et al.  Enthalpies of decomposition and heat capacities of ethylene oxide and tetrahydrofuran hydrates , 1982 .

[194]  J. Erzinger,et al.  Dissociation enthalpies of synthesized multicomponent gas hydrates with respect to the guest composition and cage occupancy. , 2007, The journal of physical chemistry. B.

[195]  C. Ruppel.  Tapping Methane Hydrates for Unconventional Natural Gas , 2007 .

[196]  M. Kowalsky,et al.  Gas Production from Unconfined Class 2 Oceanic Hydrate Accumulations , 2006 .

[197]  J. Briaud,et al.  Hydrate melting in soil around hot conductor , 1997 .

[198]  G. Topp,et al.  THE MEASUREMENT OF SOIL WATER CONTENT USING A PORTABLE TDR HAND PROBE , 1984 .

[199]  Nicolas Kalogerakis,et al.  Kinetics of formation of methane and ethane gas hydrates , 1987 .

[200]  Kenichi Soga,et al.  Characterisation and engineering properties of methane hydrate soils , 2007 .

[201]  A. G. Young,et al.  Effects of Offshore Sampling and Testing on Undrained Soil Shear Strength , 1983 .

[202]  Hideo Narita,et al.  New Method of Assessing Absolute Permeability of Natural Methane Hydrate Sediments by Microfocus X-ray Computed Tomography , 2007 .

[203]  G. Dickens,et al.  Generalization of gas hydrate distribution and saturation in marine sediments by scaling of thermodynamic and transport processes , 2007, American Journal of Science.

[204]  G. Guérin,et al.  Characterization of in situ elastic properties of gas hydrate‐bearing sediments on the Blake Ridge , 1999 .

[205]  W. D. Carrier.  Goodbye, Hazen; Hello, Kozeny-Carman , 2003 .

[206]  Tsutomu Uchida,et al.  Effects of Pore Sizes on Dissociation Temperatures and Pressures of Methane, Carbon Dioxide, and Propane Hydrates in Porous Media , 2002 .

[207]  K. Wallmann,et al.  Methane formation at Costa Rica continental margin—constraints for gas hydrate inventories and cross-décollement fluid flow , 2005 .

[208]  Ross Anderson,et al.  Experimental measurement of methane and carbon dioxide clathrate hydrate equilibria in mesoporous silica , 2003 .

[209]  D. Grauls,et al.  Dynamics of gas hydrate: case of the Congo continental slope , 2004 .

[210]  M. Michael Yovanovich,et al.  Elastoplastic Contact Conductance Model for Isotropic Conforming Rough Surfaces and Comparison With Experiments , 1996 .

[211]  W. Winters.  Physical properties of sediments from the JAPEX/JNOC/GSC Mallik 2L-38 gas hydrate research well , 1999 .

[212]  Myung-Wook Lee.  Is amplitude loss of sonic waveforms due to intrinsic attenuation or source coupling to the medium , 2006 .

[213]  J. C. Santamarina,et al.  Effect of cementation on the small-strain parameters of sands , 2001 .

[214]  W. Woodside,et al.  Thermal Conductivity of Porous Media. I. Unconsolidated Sands , 1961 .

[215]  S. Fan,et al.  Thermal Conductivity of Methane Hydrate Formed from Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Solution , 2004 .

[216]  L. Germanovich,et al.  Excess pore pressure resulting from methane hydrate dissociation in marine sediments: A theoretical approach , 2006 .

[217]  J. J. Murray,et al.  Calibration and testing of a Tian-Calvet heat-flow calorimeter Enthalpies of fusion and heat capacities for ice and tetrahydrofuran hydrate in the range 85 to 270 K , 1984 .

[218]  Y. Zhong,et al.  Surfactant effects on gas hydrate formation , 2000 .

[219]  Ji-Ho Yoon,et al.  Transformation of Methane Hydrate to Carbon Dioxide Hydrate: In Situ Raman Spectroscopic Observations , 2004 .

[220]  Johannes Kulenkampff,et al.  Pore space hydrate formation in a glass bead sample from methane dissolved in water , 2005 .

[221]  Mehran Pooladi-Darvish,et al.  Gas Production From Hydrate Reservoirs and Its Modeling , 2004 .

[222]  E. Peltzer,et al.  Dissolution rates of pure methane hydrate and carbon-dioxide hydrate in undersaturated seawater at 1000-m depth , 2004 .

[223]  P. Englezos,et al.  Measurement of Dissolved Methane in Water in Equilibrium with Its Hydrate , 2002 .

[224]  B. Gbaruko,et al.  Gas hydrates and clathrates: Flow assurance, environmental and economic perspectives and the Nigerian liquified natural gas project , 2007 .

[225]  E. D. Sloan,et al.  A New Technique for Hydrate Thermal Diffusivity Measurements , 2005 .

[226]  Warren T. Wood,et al.  Site Selection for DOE/JIP Gas Hydrate Drilling in the Northern Gulf of Mexico , 2008 .

[227]  J. Mienert,et al.  Ocean warming and gas hydrate stability on the mid-Norwegian margin at the Storegga Slide , 2005 .

[228]  James Clerk Maxwell.  A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism: Frontmatter , 2010 .

[229]  Alec Westley Skempton,et al.  The Behaviour of Saturated Clays During Sampling and Testing , 1963 .

[230]  Stephen H. Kirby,et al.  Peculiarities of Methane Clathrate Hydrate Formation and Solid-State Deformation, Including Possible Superheating of Water Ice , 1996, Science.

[231]  Ian M. Smallwood,et al.  Solvent Recovery Handbook , 1993 .

[232]  R. Singh,et al.  ESTIMATING THE IN SITU MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SEDIMENTS CONTAINING GAS HYDRATES , 2008 .

[233]  A Arman,et al.  THE EFFECTS OF CONVENTIONAL SOIL SAMPLING METHODS ON THE ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF COHESIVE SOILS IN LOUISIANA. ENGINEERING BULLETIN NO. 117 , 1977 .

[234]  C. Clayton,et al.  A laboratory investigation into the seismic velocities of methane gas hydrate‐bearing sand , 2005 .

[235]  P. Schultheiss,et al.  OBSERVED GAS HYDRATE MORPHOLOGIES IN MARINE SEDIMENTS , 2008 .

[236]  R. Hyndman,et al.  Gas hydrate, fluid flow and free gas: Formation of the bottom-simulating reflector , 2007 .

[237]  B. Buffett,et al.  Formation of gas hydrate from dissolved gas in natural porous media , 2000 .

[238]  K. Wallmann,et al.  Calculation of the stability and solubility of methane hydrate in seawater , 2005 .

[239]  D. M. Wood,et al.  THE CORRELATION OF INDEX PROPERTIES WITH SOME BASIC ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF SOILS , 1978 .

[240]  J. Greinert,et al.  Authigenic carbonates from the Cascadia subduction zone and their relation to gas hydrate stability , 1998 .

[241]  Yukio Nakata,et al.  Basic research on the mechanical behavior of methane hydrate-sediments mixture , 2005 .

[242]  George J. Moridis,et al.  Gas Production From Oceanic Class 2 Hydrate Accumulations , 2007 .

[243]  C. Paull,et al.  1. Leg 164 overview , 2000 .

[244]  J. Carcione,et al.  Gas hydrate concentration estimated from P- and S-wave velocities , 2004 .

[245]  G. D. Holder,et al.  Hydrates of (methane + cis-2-butene) and (methane + trans-2-butene) , 1984 .

[246]  George J. Moridis,et al.  Methane hydrate formation and dissociation in a partially saturated core-scale sand sample , 2005 .

[247]  S. Belfroid,et al.  Gas Production From Oceanic Class 2 Hydrate Accumulations , 2007 .

[248]  R. N. Edwards,et al.  The Assessment of Marine Gas Hydrates Through Electrical Remote Sounding: Hydrate Without a BSR? , 2000 .

[249]  兵動 正幸,et al.  BASIC RESEARCH ON THE MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF METHANE HYDRATE-SEDIMENTS MIXTURE , 2005 .

[250]  M. Reagan,et al.  Oceanic gas hydrate instability and dissociation under climate change scenarios , 2007 .

[251]  Myung-Wook Lee.  Well log analysis to assist the interpretation of 3-D seismic data at Milne Point, north slope of Alaska , 2005 .

[252]  R. M. Owen,et al.  Dissociation of oceanic methane hydrate as a cause of the carbon isotope excursion at the end of the Paleocene , 1995 .

[253]  F. Dullien.  Porous Media: Fluid Transport and Pore Structure , 1979 .

[254]  N. Dutta,et al.  Seismic Detection and Quantification of Gas Hydrates using Rock Physics and Inversion , 2004 .

[255]  R. Hyndman,et al.  THE CONCENTRATION OF DEEP SEA GAS HYDRATES FROM DOWNHOLE ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY LOGS AND LABORATORY DATA , 1999 .

[256]  I. Jefferson,et al.  Soil mechanics in engineering practice , 1997 .

[257]  D. Daniels.  Ground Penetrating Radar , 2005 .

[258]  T. Ebinuma,et al.  Effects of temperature cycling on the phase transition of water in gas-saturated sediments , 2003 .

[259]  Robert L. Kleinberg,et al.  Fracture-controlled gas hydrate systems in the northern Gulf of Mexico , 2008 .

[260]  E. Peltzer,et al.  Deep sea NMR: Methane hydrate growth habit in porous media and its relationship to hydraulic permeability, deposit accumulation, and submarine slope stability , 2003 .

[261]  Hitoshi Tomaru,et al.  Three-dimensional distribution of gas hydrate beneath southern Hydrate Ridge: Constraints from ODP Leg 204 , 2004 .

[262]  J. Matsushima.  Seismic wave attenuation in methane hydrate‐bearing sediments: Vertical seismic profiling data from the Nankai Trough exploratory well, offshore Tokai, central Japan , 2005 .

[263]  G. P. Johari,et al.  Heat capacity of tetrahydrofuran clathrate hydrate and of its components, and the clathrate formation from supercooled melt. , 2006, The Journal of chemical physics.

[264]  Bruce A. Buffett,et al.  Methane solubility in marine hydrate environments , 2004 .

[265]  J. Geertsma,et al.  Land subsidence above compacting oil and gas reservoirs , 1973 .

[266]  Jack Dvorkin,et al.  Elasticity of marine sediments: Rock physics modeling , 1999 .

[267]  Hideo Narita,et al.  Formation, growth and ageing of clathrate hydrate crystals in a porous medium , 2006 .

[268]  J. Bear.  Dynamics of Fluids in Porous Media , 1975 .

[269]  D. Reister.  Using measured velocity to estimate gas hydrates concentration , 2003 .

[270]  Erwin Karl Bruch.  Porous Media Flows , 1991 .

[271]  John T. Germaine,et al.  Sampling Disturbance Effects in Normally Consolidated Clays , 2002 .

[272]  Jonny Rutqvist,et al.  Numerical Studies on the Geomechanical Stability of Hydrate-Bearing Sediments , 2009 .

[273]  Hiroyuki Kumano,et al.  Study on latent heat of fusion of ice in aqueous solutions , 2007 .

[274]  T. Mukerji,et al.  The Rock Physics Handbook , 1998 .

[275]  D. Singh,et al.  Generalized relationships for estimating soil thermal resistivity , 2000 .

[276]  R. Carsel,et al.  Developing joint probability distributions of soil water retention characteristics , 1988 .

[277]  M. Haeckel,et al.  Rising methane gas bubbles form massive hydrate layers at the seafloor , 2004 .

[278]  N. K. Thakur,et al.  Physical parameters of hydrated sediments estimated from marine seismic reflection data , 2006 .

[279]  Dominique Richon,et al.  Gas Solubility: A Key to Estimating the Water Content of Natural Gases , 2006 .

[280]  W. Winters.  40. STRESS HISTORY AND GEOTECHNICAL PROPERTIES OF SEDIMENT FROM THE CAPE FEAR DIAPIR, BLAKE RIDGE DIAPIR, AND BLAKE RIDGE 1 , 2000 .

[281]  George J. Moridis,et al.  METHANE HYDRATE FORMATION AND DISSOCIATION IN A PARTIALLY SATURATED SAND — MEASUREMENTS AND OBSERVATIONS , 2005 .

[282]  L. Stern,et al.  Direct measurement of methane hydrate composition along the hydrate equilibrium boundary. , 2005, The journal of physical chemistry. B.

[283]  J. S. Booth,et al.  Major occurrences and reservoir concepts of marine clathrate hydrates: implications of field evidence , 1998, Geological Society, London, Special Publications.

[284]  G. A. Jeffrey,et al.  Clathrate Hydrates , 2007 .

[285]  George J. Moridis,et al.  Toward Production From Gas Hydrates: Current Status, Assessment of Resources, and Simulation-Based Evaluation of Technology and Potential , 2008 .

[286]  J. Halvorson,et al.  Effects Of Freeze-Thaw Cycling On Soil Erosion , 2001 .

[287]  George J. Moridis,et al.  Numerical studies of gas production from several CH4 hydrate zones at the Mallik site, Mackenzie Delta, Canada , 2004 .

[288]  S. Patil,et al.  Experimental study of brine injection and depressurization methods for dissociation of gas hydrates , 1991 .

[289]  W. Sung,et al.  The Kinetics on Hydrate Formation in Pipelines , 2005 .

[290]  W. J. Winters,et al.  STRESS HISTORY AND GEOTECHNICAL PROPERTIES OF SEDIMENT FROM THE CAPE FEAR DIAPIR , 1999 .

[291]  G. Buchan,et al.  Inter‐particle contact heat transfer in soil systems at moderate temperatures , 2002 .