Individual-Level Determinants of Employee Shirking

On s'est beaucoup interesse recemment a la question de l'effort des employes au travail ou, plus exactement, au manque de tel effort (flânerie). Examinant ce probleme de flanerie des employes, nos collegues ont eu tendance a se concentrer sur les differentes politiques que les organisations peuvent utilisees pour atteindre un niveau maximal d'effort au travail chez les employes. Une hypothese de base sous-jacente a de telles recherches est a l'effet qu'en l'absence de surveillance efficace de l'employeur, les employes vont reduire leurs efforts au travail. Parce qu'en fait l'hypothese que les employes vont flâner lorsque l'utilite marginale du fanage est plus grande que celle du travail, les politiques patronales tentent de reduire le fanage en augmentant le cout de celui-ci ou, inversement, en augmentant la valeur du travail. Malheureusement, toute cette documentation organisationnelle ignore les causes du flânage chez les individus. Cela est un oubli significatif vu que les caracteristiques personnelles des employes peuvent causer des differences dans le degre de flânage parmi ces employes qui connaissent des conditions de travail ou des plans de remuneration similaires. Nous presentons et verifions ici un modele des determinants du flanage au niveau des individus. Ce modele etablit que le flanage est fonction de la satisfaction au travail de l'employe, de son bien-etre subjectif, de ses alternatives sur le marche du travail et de l'etendue du controle de l'employeur. On definit le flanage comme un manque d'effort au travail de l'employe. La tendance d'un employe a donner moins que le plein effort represente le flanage. Le plein effort reflete 100%. Plus le niveau de flanage est grand, plus l'ecart avec ce 100 % est grand. Nous avons utilise de multiples mesures pour evaluer le flanage, la satisfaction au travail et le bien-etre subjectif et de nombreuses variables pour illustrer les autres composantes du modele de flanage. Utilisant les donnees d'une enquete de professionnels de la sante dans une grosse clinique non syndiquee du Midwest americain, nous avons trouve que les employes qui ont le plus a perdre en flânant, comme les plus vieux, flânent moins. De plus, les facteurs propres au marche du travail ne determinent pas le degre de flanage chez les employes. Les resultats suggerent aussi que la satisfaction au travail et le bien- etre subjectif sont des predicteurs significatifs du flanage. Les effets negatifs de la satisfaction au travail sur le flanage proposent que l'identification des sources possibles d'insatisfaction au travail et l'implantation de programmes correctifs peuvent reduire le flanage. L'effet negatif du bien-etre subjectif relie cette derniere variable au flanage. Les resultats suggerent que le flanage n'est pas totalement determine par les politiques et pratiques organisationnelles. Finalement, nos resultats indiquent que les employes de race noire flanent moins que ceux des autres races, probablement parce qu'ils croient faire face a une plus grande possibilite de se faire prendre a flâner, i.e. plus de controle de l'employeur. Cependant, des occasions accrues de surveiller le comportement des employes, doublees a un plus bas rapport employe/superieur n'a pas reduit le flanage de facon significative. L'importance des determinants individuels du flanage suggere plus de recherche au-dela de la concentration actuelle sur les facteurs organisationnels. La recherche a venir devrait tenter d'etablir la mesure dans laquelle la possibilite des effets organisationnels sur le flanage peut dependre des caracteristiques individuelles specifiques. Elle devrait egalement examiner l'influence de variables du groupe sur le flanage.

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