Research and applications of drag reduction in thermal equipment: A review

Abstract Existing research on heat transfer enhancement in pipe flow shows that the improvement of thermal performance is generally accompanied by an increase in the pressure drop, which should be taken into consideration in the practical applications. To handle this dilemma, drag reduction (DR) technology is very promising and the related research has attracted more and more attentions. In this paper, different DR technologies are categorized and their development has been reviewed. The first part focuses on the studies conducted on additive DR while the second part focuses on surface modification DR. According to the different additives, the former is further divided into polymer and surfactant DR. The latter is divided into two categories, which are DR by introducing superhydrophobic surface and slippery surface. The development of the above technologies has been reviewed in detail, and their influences on heat transfer, related applications or future application potentials have been generalized.

[1]  David Quéré,et al.  Non-sticking drops , 2005 .

[2]  Stéphane Colin,et al.  Heat Transfer in Microchannels—2012 Status and Research Needs , 2013 .

[3]  J. L. Zakin,et al.  Enhanced heat transfer of drag reducing surfactant solutions with fluted tube-in-tube heat exchanger , 2001 .

[4]  Blair Perot,et al.  Laminar drag reduction in microchannels using ultrahydrophobic surfaces , 2004 .

[5]  Jing Liu,et al.  Flow and thermal modeling and optimization of micro/mini-channel heat sink , 2017 .

[6]  Xuefeng Gao,et al.  Biophysics: Water-repellent legs of water striders , 2004, Nature.

[7]  Kwang-Il Choi,et al.  Comparison of the optimized thermal performance of square and circular ammonia-cooled microchannel heat sink with genetic algorithm , 2015 .

[8]  Christopher White,et al.  The turbulence structure of drag-reduced boundary layer flow , 2004 .

[9]  Kripa K Varanasi,et al.  Drag reduction using lubricant-impregnated surfaces in viscous laminar flow. , 2014, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[10]  Christopher White,et al.  Mechanics and Prediction of Turbulent Drag Reduction with Polymer Additives , 2008 .

[11]  Elena P. Ivanova,et al.  Natural superhydrophobic surfaces , 2015 .

[12]  Zhen-hua Liu,et al.  Forced convective flow and heat transfer characteristics of aqueous drag-reducing fluid with carbon nanotubes added , 2010 .

[13]  J. L. Zakin,et al.  A drag reducing surfactant threadlike micelle system with unusual rheological responses to pH. , 2014, Journal of colloid and interface science.

[14]  Thomas Brunschwiler,et al.  Energy efficient hotspot-targeted embedded liquid cooling of electronics , 2015 .

[15]  J. Cooper-White,et al.  Experimental and analytical study of the effect of contact angle on liquid convective heat transfer in microchannels , 2006 .

[16]  Feng-chen Li,et al.  Experimental study on the characteristics of CHF and pressure fluctuations of surfactant solution flow boiling , 2017 .

[17]  Y. Coffinier,et al.  Quantitative testing of robustness on superomniphobic surfaces by drop impact. , 2010, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[18]  E. Matthys,et al.  Coupling between heat and momentum transfer mechanisms for drag-reducing polymer and surfactant solutions , 1999 .

[19]  Andrew D. Williams.  Enhanced Laminar Convective Heat Transfer using Microstructured Superhydrophobic Surfaces , 2016 .

[20]  S. M. Peyghambarzadeh,et al.  The effect of polyacrylamide drag reducing agent on friction factor and heat transfer coefficient in laminar, transition and turbulent flow regimes in circular pipes with different diameters , 2020, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer.

[21]  B. Khoo,et al.  Microchannel flows with superhydrophobic surfaces: Effects of Reynolds number and pattern width to channel height ratio , 2009 .

[22]  M. Hodes,et al.  Nusselt Numbers for Thermally Developing Couette Flow With Hydrodynamic and Thermal Slip , 2014 .

[23]  Feng-chen Li,et al.  On the mechanism of boiling heat transfer enhancement by surfactant addition , 2016 .

[24]  A. Koşar,et al.  Experimental investigation on convective heat transfer of non-Newtonian flows of Xanthan gum solutions in microtubes , 2017 .

[25]  J. Aizenberg,et al.  Hierarchical or not? Effect of the length scale and hierarchy of the surface roughness on omniphobicity of lubricant-infused substrates. , 2013, Nano letters.

[26]  A. White.  Heat Transfer Characteristics of Dilute Polymer Solutions in Fully Rough Pipe Flow , 1970, Nature.

[27]  S. S. Mohapatra,et al.  Water soluble polymer added high mass flux spray: A novel approach for the attainment of enhanced heat transfer rate in transition boiling regime , 2020 .

[28]  S. Hsieh,et al.  Convective heat transfer in liquid microchannels with hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces , 2009 .

[29]  R. B. Dean.  Reynolds Number Dependence of Skin Friction and Other Bulk Flow Variables in Two-Dimensional Rectangular Duct Flow , 1978 .

[30]  Laminar flow heat transfer of dilute viscoelastic solutions in flattened tube heat exchangers , 2012 .

[31]  Dimitrios Peroulis,et al.  A Hierarchical Manifold Microchannel Heat Sink Array for High-Heat-Flux Two-Phase Cooling of Electronics , 2018 .

[32]  Khellil Sefiane,et al.  Experimental investigation of self-induced thermocapillary convection for an evaporating meniscus in capillary tubes using micro-PIV , 2005 .

[33]  W. Cai,et al.  Experimental study on rheological and thermophysical properties of seawater with surfactant additive – Part II: Surface tension and thermal conductivity , 2017, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer.

[34]  S. Chou,et al.  Enhanced Microchannel Heat Sinks Using Oblique Fins , 2009 .

[35]  I. Silverman,et al.  High heat-flux accelerator targets: Cooling with liquid metal jet impingement , 2006 .

[36]  T. Salamon,et al.  Friction Factors and Nusselt Numbers in Microchannels With Superhydrophobic Walls , 2006 .

[37]  Peng Zhang,et al.  Condensate droplet size distribution and heat transfer on hierarchical slippery lubricant infused porous surfaces , 2020, Applied Thermal Engineering.

[38]  Liwu Fan,et al.  A visualized study of enhanced steam condensation heat transfer on a honeycomb-like microporous superhydrophobic surface in the presence of a non-condensable gas , 2020 .

[39]  Peng Zhang,et al.  Drag reduction and heat transfer characteristics of water flow through the tubes with superhydrophobic surfaces , 2016 .

[40]  Eric Lauga,et al.  A smooth future? , 2011, Nature materials.

[41]  S. Heshmatian,et al.  Thermal performance and second law characteristics of two new microchannel heat sinks operated with hybrid nanofluid containing graphene–silver nanoparticles , 2018, Energy Conversion and Management.

[42]  C. Wilke,et al.  Effect of Surface Tension on Heat Transfer in Boiling , 1949 .

[43]  R. Pease,et al.  High-performance heat sinking for VLSI , 1981, IEEE Electron Device Letters.

[44]  Bin Sun,et al.  Improved heat transfer and flow resistance achieved with drag reducing Cu nanofluids in the horizontal tube and built-in twisted belt tubes , 2016 .

[45]  Bo Yu,et al.  Drag-reducing and heat transfer characteristics of a novel zwitterionic surfactant solution , 2009 .

[46]  A. Cassie,et al.  Wettability of porous surfaces , 1944 .

[47]  Jinliang Xu,et al.  Numerical study on drag reduction and heat transfer enhancement in microchannels with superhydrophobic surfaces for electronic cooling , 2015 .

[48]  J. Rothstein,et al.  Direct velocity measurements of the flow past drag-reducing ultrahydrophobic surfaces , 2005 .

[49]  J. L. Zakin,et al.  Heat transfer enhancement in turbulent drag reducing surfactant solutions by agitated heat exchangers , 2017 .

[50]  J. L. Zakin,et al.  Photoreversible micellar solution as a smart drag-reducing fluid for use in district heating/cooling systems. , 2013, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[51]  Evelyn N. Wang,et al.  Immersion Condensation on Oil-Infused Heterogeneous Surfaces for Enhanced Heat Transfer , 2013, Scientific Reports.

[52]  Albert Mosyak,et al.  The effect of surfactants on bubble growth, wall thermal patterns and heat transfer in pool boiling , 2001 .

[53]  L. Chow,et al.  Surface Roughness and Its Effects on the Heat Transfer Mechanism in Spray Cooling , 1992 .

[54]  Wen-Quan Tao,et al.  The field synergy (coordination) principle and its applications in enhancing single phase convective heat transfer , 2005 .

[55]  C F Colebrook,et al.  TURBULENT FLOW IN PIPES, WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE TRANSITION REGION BETWEEN THE SMOOTH AND ROUGH PIPE LAWS. , 1939 .

[56]  Libing Yang,et al.  Heat Transfer in a Surfactant Drag-Reducing Solution—A Comparison With Predictions for Laminar Flow , 2006 .

[57]  E. Matthys,et al.  Intentional mechanical degradation for heat transfer recovery in flow of drag-reducing surfactant solutions , 2017 .

[58]  Yunlu Pan,et al.  Size dependences of hydraulic resistance and heat transfer of fluid flow in elliptical microchannel heat sinks with boundary slip , 2018 .

[59]  Mark E. Steinke,et al.  Single-Phase Heat Transfer Enhancement Techniques in Microchannel and Minichannel Flows , 2004 .

[60]  M. Hellsten.  Drag-reducing surfactants , 2002 .

[61]  P. S. Virk.  Drag reduction fundamentals , 1975 .

[62]  Thermal Transport in a Microchannel Exhibiting Transverse Ultrahydrophobic Micro-Ribs Maintained at Constant Temperature , 2006 .

[63]  Sindy K. Y. Tang,et al.  Bioinspired self-repairing slippery surfaces with pressure-stable omniphobicity , 2011, Nature.

[64]  A. Mosyak,et al.  Heat transfer characteristics of water and APG surfactant solution in a micro-channel heat sink , 2005 .

[65]  W. Nakayama,et al.  Manifold microchannel heat sinks: isothermal analysis , 1996 .

[66]  D. Quéré.  Wetting and Roughness , 2008 .

[67]  Daniel Maynes,et al.  Apparent Temperature Jump and Thermal Transport in Channels With Streamwise Rib and Cavity Featured Superhydrophobic Walls at Constant Heat Flux , 2014 .

[68]  M. Akhtari,et al.  Thermohydraulic analysis of a microchannel with varying superhydrophobic roughness , 2020, Applied Thermal Engineering.

[69]  Ullrich Steiner,et al.  Metastable underwater superhydrophobicity. , 2010, Physical review letters.

[70]  R. H. Sabersky,et al.  Heat transfer and friction coefficients in smooth and rough tubes with dilute polymer solutions , 1974 .

[71]  Dongqing Li,et al.  Electrokinetic motion of single nanoparticles in single PDMS nanochannels , 2017 .

[72]  D. Maynes,et al.  Effective temperature jump length and influence of axial conduction for thermal transport in superhydrophobic channels , 2014 .

[73]  Sushant Anand,et al.  Enhanced condensation on lubricant-impregnated nanotextured surfaces. , 2012, ACS nano.

[74]  Zhiguang Guo,et al.  Biomimic from the superhydrophobic plant leaves in nature: Binary structure and unitary structure , 2007 .

[75]  K. Gasljevic,et al.  Asymptotes of maximum friction and heat transfer reductions for drag-reducing surfactant solutions , 2001 .

[76]  Yu. D. Raiskii,et al.  Reduction of turbulent heat transfer in tube flows of low-concentration polymer solutions , 1968 .

[77]  D. J. Preston,et al.  Heat Transfer Enhancement During Water and Hydrocarbon Condensation on Lubricant Infused Surfaces , 2018, Scientific Reports.

[78]  J. L. Zakin,et al.  A review of studies of heat transfer enhancement in turbulent drag reducing surfactant solutions , 2016 .

[79]  Jacques L. Zakin,et al.  New limiting drag reduction and velocity profile asymptotes for nonpolymeric additives systems , 1996 .

[80]  C. S. Wells.  Turbulent heat transfer in drag reducing fluids , 1968 .

[81]  Koichi Hishida,et al.  Structural analysis of turbulent transport in a heated drag-reducing channel flow with surfactant additives , 2005 .

[82]  W. Hwang,et al.  Experimental study of condensation heat transfer on a horizontal aluminum tube with superhydrophobic characteristic , 2019, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer.

[83]  Behrouz Raei,et al.  Experimental investigation on heat transfer and flow resistance of drag-reducing alumina nanofluid in a fin-and-tube heat exchanger , 2018, Applied Thermal Engineering.

[84]  B. W. Webb,et al.  Thermal Transport in a Microchannel Exhibiting Ultrahydrophobic Microribs Maintained at Constant Temperature , 2008 .

[85]  B. A. Toms,et al.  Some Observations on the Flow of Linear Polymer Solutions Through Straight Tubes at Large Reynolds Numbers , 1948 .

[86]  Akira Yabe,et al.  Transitional Heat Transfer and Turbulent Characteristics of Drag-reducing Flow Through a Contracted Channel , 2001 .

[87]  J. Rothstein.  Slip on Superhydrophobic Surfaces , 2010 .

[88]  Parviz Moin,et al.  New Answers on the Interaction Between Polymers and Vortices in Turbulent Flows , 2005 .

[89]  L. Tagliafico,et al.  Experimental heat transfer of drag-reducing polymer solutions in enhanced surface heat exchangers , 1995 .

[90]  S. Kandlikar,et al.  SINGLE-PHASE LIQUID HEAT TRANSFER IN PLAIN AND ENHANCED MICROCHANNELS , 2006 .

[91]  Mahmoud Ahmed,et al.  Performance enhancement of concentrated photovoltaic systems using a microchannel heat sink with nanofluids , 2016 .

[92]  A. Mosyak,et al.  Drag reduction and heat transfer of surfactants flowing in a capillary tube , 2004 .

[93]  M. Poreh,et al.  Turbulent heat transfer to dilute polymer solutions , 1968 .

[94]  L. Jia,et al.  Influence of groove orientation on dropwise condensation on hydrophobic and hierarchical superhydrophobic surfaces with microgroove arrays , 2020 .

[95]  Bharat Bhushan,et al.  Micro- and nanoscale characterization of hydrophobic and hydrophilic leaf surfaces , 2006 .

[96]  W. Yan,et al.  Optimization of thermal resistance and bottom wall temperature uniformity for double-layered microchannel heat sink , 2015 .

[97]  R. H. Sabersky,et al.  Rheology, friction, and heat transfer study of a discontinuously shear-thickening antimisting polymer solution , 1987 .

[98]  R. Rafee,et al.  Geometric optimization of an enhanced microchannel heat sink with superhydrophobic walls , 2018 .

[99]  Ngoctan Tran,et al.  A study on five different channel shapes using a novel scheme for meshing and a structure of a multi-nozzle microchannel heat sink , 2017 .

[100]  E. Lauga,et al.  Geometric transition in friction for flow over a bubble mattress , 2008, 0812.2004.

[101]  F. Zhou,et al.  Flow and heat transfer in drag-reducing polymer solution flow through the corrugated tube and circular tube , 2020, Applied Thermal Engineering.

[102]  E. Matthys,et al.  Friction and heat transfer in drag-reducing surfactant solution flow through curved pipes and elbows , 2009 .

[103]  Roger R. Schmidt,et al.  High performance and subambient silicon microchannel cooling , 2007 .

[104]  Jiri Myska,et al.  Application of a drag reducing surfactant in the heating circuit , 2003 .

[105]  J. L. Zakin,et al.  Enhancing Heat Transfer of Drag-Reducing Surfactant Solution by an HEV Static Mixer with Low Pressure Drop , 2011 .

[106]  E. Matthys,et al.  Experimental Investigation of Thermal and Hydrodynamic Development Regions for Drag-Reducing Surfactant Solutions , 1997 .

[107]  I. Sreedhar,et al.  Drag reduction studies in water using polymers and their combinations , 2020 .

[108]  J. Różański.  Heat transfer in the thermal entrance region for drag reduction surfactant solutions in pipe flow , 2012 .

[109]  A. Koşar,et al.  Convective heat transfer and entropy generation analysis on Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluid flows between parallel-plates under slip boundary conditions , 2014 .

[110]  Richard N. Christensen,et al.  Enhancing heat transfer ability of drag reducing surfactant solutions with static mixers and honeycombs , 2003 .

[111]  Jacques L. Zakin,et al.  Surfactant Drag Reduction , 1998 .

[112]  S. Shiratori,et al.  Liquid-Infused Smooth Surface for Improved Condensation Heat Transfer. , 2017, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[113]  H. Yabu,et al.  Liquid Manipulation: On‐Demand Liquid Transportation Using Bioinspired Omniphobic Lubricated Surfaces Based on Self‐Organized Honeycomb and Pincushion Films (Adv. Funct. Mater. 27/2015) , 2015 .

[114]  Shizhi Qian,et al.  Efficient heat transfer enhancement by elastic turbulence with polymer solution in a curved microchannel , 2017 .

[115]  W. Barthlott,et al.  Purity of the sacred lotus, or escape from contamination in biological surfaces , 1997, Planta.

[116]  Thermal-hydraulic performance enhancement analysis of microtube with superhydrophobic surfaces , 2019 .

[117]  Linda K. Weavers,et al.  Enhancing heat-transfer ability of drag reducing surfactant solutions with ultrasonic energy , 2003 .

[118]  Huiying Wu,et al.  An experimental study of convective heat transfer in silicon microchannels with different surface conditions , 2003 .

[119]  C. Bojesen,et al.  An experimental study of the drag reducing surfactant for district heating and cooling , 2019, Energy.

[120]  T. Salamon,et al.  Isoflux Nusselt Number and Slip Length Formulae for Superhydrophobic Microchannels , 2014 .

[121]  R. Rafee,et al.  Effect of pumping power on the thermal design of converging microchannels with superhydrophobic walls , 2018, International Journal of Thermal Sciences.

[122]  H. Mizunuma,et al.  Drag reduction and heat transfer in surfactant solutions with excess counterion , 2010 .

[123]  Haitao Hu,et al.  Nucleate pool boiling heat transfer characteristics of refrigerant/nanolubricant mixture with surfactant , 2013 .

[124]  R. Rafee,et al.  Numerical investigation into the thermo-fluid performance of wavy microchannels with superhydrophobic walls , 2018, International Journal of Thermal Sciences.

[125]  Feng-chen Li,et al.  Bubble explosion in pool boiling around a heated wire in surfactant solution , 2016 .