How Apex Automates CPM-GOMS

Although acknowledged to be a powerful technique for predicting skilled behavior, CPM-GOMS (John and Kieras, 1996) is not widely used in interactive system design. We hypothesize that this is because creating CPM-GOMS models requires extensive expertise and is tedious and error-prone. To address these problems, we used the Apex architecture (Freed, 1998b) to automate critical parts of the CPM-GOMS analysis process. This paper describes how modelers represent CPM-GOMS models in Apex and how Apex translates those representations into predictions of skilled behavior. This information should prove helpful in reproducing CPM-GOMS capabilities in other cognitive architectures.

[1]  Erann Gat,et al.  Robust Periodic Planning and Execution for Autonomous Spacecraft , 1997, IJCAI.

[2]  Mark S. Fox,et al.  Intelligent Scheduling , 1998 .

[3]  Bonnie E. John,et al.  Reusable Templates in Human Performance Modeling , 2019, Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society.

[4]  Bonnie E. John.  TYPIST: A Theory of Performance in Skilled Typing , 1996, Hum. Comput. Interact..

[5]  Michael Freed,et al.  Making Human-Machine System Simulation a Practical Engineering Tool: An APEX Overview , 2000 .

[6]  David E. Kieras,et al.  The GOMS family of user interface analysis techniques: comparison and contrast , 1996, TCHI.

[7]  Lawrence Birnbaum,et al.  Simulating human performance in complex, dynamic environments , 1998 .

[8]  Robert James Firby,et al.  Adaptive execution in complex dynamic worlds , 1989 .

[9]  Michael Freed,et al.  Managing Multiple Tasks in Complex, Dynamic Environments , 1998, AAAI/IAAI.

[10]  Allen Newell,et al.  The psychology of human-computer interaction , 1983 .

[11]  Michael Freed,et al.  Automating CPM-GOMS , 2002, CHI.

[12]  Wayne D. Gray,et al.  Milliseconds Matter: an Introduction to Microstrategies and to Their Use in Describing and Predicting Interactive Behavior Milliseconds Matter: an Introduction to Microstrategies and to Their Use in Describing and Predicting Interactive Behavior , 2022 .

[13]  Michael E. Atwood,et al.  Project Ernestine: Validating a GOMS Analysis for Predicting and Explaining Real-World Task Performance , 1993, Hum. Comput. Interact..