Nitric oxides and nitrous oxide fluxes from typical vegetables cropland in China: Effects of canopy, soil properties and field management

In China, vegetable croplands are characterized by intensive fertilization and cultivation, which produce significant nitrogenous gases to the atmosphere. In this study, nitric oxides (NO(X)) and nitrous oxide (N(2)O) emissions from the croplands Cultivated with three typical vegetables had been measured in Yangtze River Delta of China from September 2 to December 16, 2006. The NO fluxes varied in the ranges of 1.6-182.4, 1.4-2901 and 0.5-487 ng Nm(-2) s(-1) with averages of 33.8 +/- 44.2, 360 +/- 590 and 76 +/- 112 (mean +/- SD) ngNm(-2) s(-1) for cabbage, garlic, and radish fields (n = 88), respectively. N(2)O fluxes from the three vegetable fields were found to occur in pulses and significantly promoted by tillage with average values of 5.8, 8.8, and 4.3 ng Nm(-2) h(-1) for cabbage, garlic, and radish crops, respectively. Influence of vegetables canopy on the NO emission was investigated and quantified. It was found that on cloudy days the canopy can only shield NO emission from croplands soil while on sunny days it cannot only prevent NO emission but also assimilate NO through the open leaves stomas. Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that soil temperature was the most important factor in controlling NO emission, followed by fertilizer amount and gravimetric soil water content. About 1.2%, 11.56% and 2.56% of applied fertilizers N were emitted as NO-N and N(2)O-N from the cabbage, garlic and radish plots, respectively. Crown Copyright (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

[1]  K. Yagi,et al.  Nitrous oxide emissions from an intensively cultivated maize-wheat rotation soil in the North China Plain. , 2007, The Science of the total environment.

[2]  Yuesi Wang,et al.  Seasonal characteristics of nitric oxide emission from a typical Chinese rice–wheat rotation during the non‐waterlogged period , 2003 .

[3]  X. Han,et al.  N2O emission from the semi-arid ecosystem under mineral fertilizer (urea and superphosphate) and increased precipitation in northern China , 2008 .

[4]  A. Bouwman,et al.  Soils and the greenhouse effect. , 1990 .

[5]  M. Gallagher,et al.  Use of a detailed model to study the exchange of NOx and O3 above and below a deciduous canopy , 1997 .

[6]  N. Batjes,et al.  Modeling global annual N2O and NO emissions from fertilized fields , 2002 .

[7]  H. Levy,et al.  Empirical model of global soil‐biogenic NOχ emissions , 1995 .

[8]  H. Xin,et al.  Greenhouse gas emissions from swine barns of various production stages in suburban Beijing, China , 2007 .

[9]  L. Jackson,et al.  Responses of soil microbial processes and community structure to tillage events and implications for soil quality , 2003 .

[10]  Russell K. Monson,et al.  Leaf uptake of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in a tropical wet forest: implications for tropospheric chemistry , 2001, Oecologia.

[11]  H. Akiyama,et al.  N2O, NO, and NH3 Emissions from Soil after the Application of Organic Fertilizers, Urea and Water , 2004 .

[12]  S. Fang,et al.  Surface-exchange of NOx and NH3 above a winter wheat field in the Yangtze Delta, China. , 2006, Journal of environmental sciences.

[13]  C. Yin,et al.  Nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes and their relationships with water-sediment characteristics in a hyper-eutrophic shallow lake, China , 2007 .

[14]  J. Houghton,et al.  Climate change 2001 : the scientific basis , 2001 .

[15]  B. Vogel,et al.  Soil-air exchange of nitric oxide: An overview of processes, environmental factors, and modeling studies , 2001 .

[16]  Jianwen Zou,et al.  Quantifying direct N2O emissions in paddy fields during rice growing season in mainland China: Dependence on water regime , 2007 .

[17]  K. Dittert,et al.  Fluxes of methane and nitrous oxide in water-saving rice production in north China , 2007, Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems.

[18]  M. Noguer,et al.  Climate change 2001: The scientific basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , 2002 .

[19]  R. Monson,et al.  Nitrogen oxide fluxes between corn (Zea mays L.) leaves and the atmosphere , 2001 .

[20]  H. Akimoto,et al.  Estimation of nitrous oxide, nitric oxide and ammonia emissions from croplands in East, Southeast and South Asia , 2003 .

[21]  S. Fang,et al.  NOX fluxes from three kinds of agricultural lands in the Yangtze Delta, China , 2007 .

[22]  A. Bouwman,et al.  Exchange of greenhouse gases between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere , 1990 .

[23]  Xiaoyuan Yan,et al.  Methane and nitrous oxide emissions from rice paddy fields , 2002 .

[24]  Xinming Wang,et al.  Nitric oxide emission from a typical vegetable field in the Pearl River Delta, China , 2007 .

[25]  A. Guenther,et al.  An inventory of nitric oxide emissions from soils in the United States , 1992 .

[26]  C. Kroeze,et al.  Closing the global N2O budget: A retrospective analysis 1500–1994 , 1999 .

[27]  中華人民共和国国家統計局 China statistical yearbook , 1988 .

[28]  Yuesi Wang,et al.  Re‐quantifying the emission factors based on field measurements and estimating the direct N2O emission from Chinese croplands , 2004 .

[29]  S. Fang,et al.  Air/surface exchange of nitric oxide between two typical vegetable lands and the atmosphere in the Yangtze Delta, China , 2006 .

[30]  Zhengqin Xiong,et al.  Measurements of nitrous oxide emissions from vegetable production in China , 2006 .

[31]  H. Akiyama,et al.  Effect of organic matter application on N2O, NO, and NO2 fluxes from an Andisol field , 2003 .

[32]  Gary M. Lovett,et al.  Atmospheric deposition and canopy interactions of nitrogen in forests , 1993 .