Comparative analysis of hydraulic fracturing wastewater practices in unconventional shale development: Water sourcing, treatment and disposal practices

This paper is the first of a two-part series designed to assess and summarize extant knowledge regarding hydraulic fracturing water and wastewater management practices using a comparative, multidisciplinary approach. To provide context for both papers, the water and wastewater practices are summarized for the four focus plays: Montney, Duvernay, Barnett, and Marcellus. In Alberta and British Columbia, which host the less-studied Duvernay and Montney plays, play-scale unconventional water and wastewater data are extracted and combined from three databases: FracFocus.ca, geoSCOUT, and AccuMap. A reasonable picture of hydraulic fracturing water use and practices in western Canada emerges from the over 4,000 wells studied. From late 2011 to early 2014, the average number of fracturing stages reported increased from 7 to over 14, while reported cumulative water use approached approximately 15 million m3 in 2013, the first year for which full data in all three databases was available. The majority of wells consuming 10,000 to 50,000 m3 of water are slickwater type, located largely in the two target plays; however, several wells using >50,000 m3 of water appear in the Horn River Formation in BC. While it is possible to identify in the databases wastewater treatment facilities and deep wastewater injection wells, it is at present difficult to constrain wastewater disposal practices and chemistry in Alberta and British Columbia. The analysis points to the need for further coordination between academics, industry, and governmental agencies to develop publicly available, searchable databases that carefully document water sourcing, wastewater recycling/reuse/disposal, and chemistry, in order to properly form hydraulic fracturing water management strategies.