Poststernotomy pain: a clinical review.

[1]  A. Dickenson,et al.  Intrathecal opioids, potency and lipophilicity , 1989, Pain.

[2]  J. Nelson,et al.  Multimodal analgesia for radical prostatectomy provides better analgesia and shortens hospital stay. , 2007, Journal of clinical anesthesia.

[3]  R. Tsuyuki,et al.  Women’s Recovery from Sternotomy-Extension (WREST-E) study: examining long-term pain and discomfort following sternotomy and their predictors , 2007, Heart.

[4]  G. Cipriano,et al.  Work in progress report - Cardiac general Short-term transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation after cardiac surgery: effect on pain, pulmonary function and electrical muscle activity , 2008 .

[5]  L. Urbán,et al.  Mechanisms of inflammatory pain. , 2001, British journal of anaesthesia.

[6]  N. Doll,et al.  Endoscopic internal thoracic artery dissection leads to significant reduction of pain after minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass graft surgery. , 2002, The Annals of thoracic surgery.

[7]  M. S. Topcuoglu,et al.  A background infusion of morphine enhances patient-controlled analgesia after cardiac surgery , 2004, Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie.

[8]  J. Ramsay,et al.  The role of intrathecal morphine in the anesthetic management of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. , 1987, Journal of cardiothoracic anesthesia.

[9]  A. Fassoulaki,et al.  The Analgesic Effect of Gabapentin and Mexiletine After Breast Surgery for Cancer , 2002, Anesthesia and analgesia.

[10]  P. Macintyre,et al.  Safety and efficacy of patient-controlled analgesia. , 2001, British journal of anaesthesia.

[11]  S. Bhatnagar,et al.  Peripheral Nerve Field Stimulation for Intractable Post‐Thoracotomy Scar Pain not Relieved by Conventional Treatment , 2010, Pain practice : the official journal of World Institute of Pain.

[12]  X. Ruan.  Drug-related side effects of long-term intrathecal morphine therapy. , 2007, Pain physician.

[13]  C. J. O'connor.  Pain relief and pulmonary morbidity after cardiac surgery. , 1999, Critical care medicine.

[14]  G. Turker,et al.  Combination of intrathecal morphine and remifentanil infusion for fast-track anesthesia in off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery. , 2005, Journal of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia.

[15]  B. Riedel.  Regional anesthesia for major cardiac and noncardiac surgery: more than just a strategy for effective analgesia? , 2001, Journal of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia.

[16]  G. Gebhart,et al.  The glutamate synapse: a target in the pharmacological management of hyperalgesic pain states. , 1998, Progress in brain research.

[17]  D. Moriarty,et al.  Intrathecal morphine in the management of pain following cardiac surgery. A comparison with morphine i.v. , 1988, British journal of anaesthesia.

[18]  M. Baum,et al.  [Electroacupuncture analgesia in 500 heart surgery cases]. , 1977, Tierarztliche Praxis.

[19]  D. Mears,et al.  THA with a Minimally Invasive Technique, Multi-modal Anesthesia, and Home Rehabilitation: Factors Associated with Early Discharge? , 2009, Clinical orthopaedics and related research.

[20]  T. M. Savege,et al.  Intrathecal morphine in cardiac surgery. , 1985, European journal of anaesthesiology.

[21]  E. Martin,et al.  Effect of patient-controlled analgesia on pulmonary complications after coronary artery bypass grafting. , 1999, Critical care medicine.

[22]  T. Nikai,et al.  Intercostal nerve block with 5% tetracaine for chronic pain syndromes. , 2002, Journal of clinical anesthesia.

[23]  M. Goldin,et al.  Continuous epidural infusion of morphine for pain relief after cardiac operations , 1987 .

[24]  M. Chaney,et al.  Intrathecal Morphine for Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting and Early Extubation , 1997, Anesthesia and analgesia.

[25]  C. Royse.  High thoracic epidural analgesia for cardiac surgery: time to move from morbidity to quality of recovery indicators. , 2009, Annals of cardiac anaesthesia.

[26]  G. Gibson,et al.  Rib cage mechanics after median sternotomy. , 1990, Thorax.

[27]  Ayman A. Abdelsamad,et al.  Minimal vs Median Sternotomy for Aortic Valve Replacement , 2007, Asian cardiovascular & thoracic annals.

[28]  H. Litvan,et al.  Ministernotomy versus median sternotomy for aortic valve replacement: a prospective, randomized study. , 1999, The Annals of thoracic surgery.

[29]  J. Cogan.  Pain Management After Cardiac Surgery , 2010, Seminars in cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia.

[30]  R. Dowling,et al.  Improved pain control after cardiac surgery: results of a randomized, double-blind, clinical trial. , 2003, The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery.

[31]  Catherijne A J Knibbe,et al.  Risk factors for chronic thoracic pain after cardiac surgery via sternotomy. , 2011, European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery : official journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery.

[32]  Valdix Sw,et al.  Pain, pain relief and accuracy of their recall after cardiac surgery. , 1995 .

[33]  A. Weissbein,et al.  A Method of Treatment for Pericardial Pain , 1961, Circulation.

[34]  H. Kokki,et al.  S(+)-Ketamine as an Analgesic Adjunct Reduces Opioid Consumption After Cardiac Surgery , 2004, Anesthesia and analgesia.

[35]  S. Reuben.  Preventing the Development of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome after Surgery , 2004, Anesthesiology.

[36]  A. Hindle.  Intrathecal opioids in the management of acute postoperative pain , 2008 .

[37]  JM Besson,et al.  The neurobiology of pain , 1999, The Lancet.

[38]  L. Lorini,et al.  Ineffectiveness of Local Wound Anesthesia to Reduce Postoperative Pain After Median Sternotomy , 2005, Journal of cardiac surgery.

[39]  O. Petrucci,et al.  Does the pain disturb the respiratory function after open heart surgery? , 2009, Revista brasileira de cirurgia cardiovascular : orgao oficial da Sociedade Brasileira de Cirurgia Cardiovascular.

[40]  M. Chaney,et al.  Intrathecal morphine for coronary artery bypass graft procedure and early extubation revisited. , 1999, Journal of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia.

[41]  J. Fraser,et al.  Effect of Gabapentin on Pain after Cardiac Surgery: A Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial , 2010, Anaesthesia and intensive care.

[42]  H. Kokki,et al.  Propacetamol as Adjunctive Treatment for Postoperative Pain After Cardiac Surgery , 2002, Anesthesia and analgesia.

[43]  P. Herijgers,et al.  Chest pain after partial upper versus complete sternotomy for aortic valve surgery , 2003, Acta cardiologica.

[44]  O. A. Leon-Casasola.  Spinal Cord and Peripheral Nerve Stimulation Techniques for Neuropathic Pain , 2009 .

[45]  P. Eide,et al.  Mapping of punctuate hyperalgesia around a surgical incision demonstrates that ketamine is a powerful suppressor of central sensitization to pain following surgery , 1997, Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica.

[46]  G. Kenny,et al.  Use of patient controlled analgesia in postoperative cardiac surgical patients--a survey of ward staff attitudes. , 1990, Intensive care nursing.

[47]  A. Kavaklı,et al.  Postoperative pain and respiratory function in patients treated with electroacupuncture following coronary surgery. , 2010, Neurosciences.

[48]  H. Kehlet,et al.  A Qualitative and Quantitative Systematic Review of Preemptive Analgesia for Postoperative Pain Relief: The Role of Timing of Analgesia , 2002, Anesthesiology.

[49]  M. Fillinger,et al.  Epidural anesthesia and analgesia: effects on recovery from cardiac surgery. , 2002, Journal of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia.

[50]  P. White,et al.  Fast-Track Cardiac Anesthesia: Use of Remifentanil Combined with Intrathecal Morphine as an Alternative to Sufentanil During Desflurane Anesthesia , 2000, Anesthesia and analgesia.

[51]  J. Katz,et al.  Postoperative Morphine Use and Hyperalgesia Are Reduced by Preoperative but Not Intraoperative Epidural Analgesia: Implications for Preemptive Analgesia and the Prevention of Central Sensitization , 2003, Anesthesiology.

[52]  T. Gordh,et al.  The incidence of chronic post‐sternotomy pain after cardiac surgery – a prospective study , 2001, Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica.

[53]  Y. Hamaya,et al.  Reduction of Postincisional Allodynia by Subcutaneous Bupivacaine: Findings with a New Model in the Hairy Skin of the Rat , 2005, Anesthesiology.

[54]  A. Al-Kaisy,et al.  Subcutaneous Target Stimulation–Peripheral Subcutaneous Field Stimulation in the Treatment of Refractory Angina: Preliminary Case Reports , 2012, Pain practice : the official journal of World Institute of Pain.

[55]  U. Aypar,et al.  A background infusion of morphine does not enhance postoperative analgesia after cardiac surgery , 2003, Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie.

[56]  L. V. von Segesser,et al.  Pain location, distribution, and intensity after cardiac surgery. , 2000, Chest.

[57]  M. Wallis,et al.  Patients' perceptions of pain management after cardiac surgery in an Australian critical care unit. , 2004, Heart & lung : the journal of critical care.

[58]  V. Kavuncu,et al.  Control of acute postoperative pain by transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation after open cardiac operations: a randomized placebo-controlled prospective study. , 2008, Heart Surgery Forum.

[59]  L. Milgrom,et al.  Pain levels experienced with activities after cardiac surgery. , 2004, American journal of critical care : an official publication, American Association of Critical-Care Nurses.

[60]  B. Walder,et al.  Efficacy and safety of patient‐controlled opioid analgesia for acute postoperative pain , 2001, Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica.

[61]  M. Tapia,et al.  Fast-track anesthesia with remifentanil and spinal analgesia for cardiac surgery: the effect on pain control and quality of recovery. , 2008, Journal of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia.

[62]  M. Lamy,et al.  The use of pre‐operative intrathecal morphine for analgesia following coronary artery bypass surgery , 2006, Anaesthesia.

[63]  Pain relief by intrathecally applied morphine in man. , 1979 .

[64]  F. Bonnet,et al.  Intrathecal morphine and clonidine for coronary artery bypass grafting. , 2003, British journal of anaesthesia.

[65]  A. Cukier,et al.  Influence of atelectasis on pulmonary function after coronary artery bypass grafting. , 1993, Chest.

[66]  K. Shadvar,et al.  Pain after cardiac surgery , 2007, Critical Care.

[67]  S. C. Ho,et al.  Persistent pain after cardiac surgery: an audit of high thoracic epidural and primary opioid analgesia therapies. , 2002, Anesthesia and analgesia.

[68]  Y. Mehta,et al.  Comparison of continuous thoracic epidural and paravertebral blocks for postoperative analgesia after minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass surgery. , 2001, Journal of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia.

[69]  B. Steinlechner,et al.  Magnesium moderately decreases remifentanil dosage required for pain management after cardiac surgery. , 2006, British journal of anaesthesia.

[70]  S. Bélisle,et al.  Prevalence, characteristics, and predictors of chronic nonanginal postoperative pain after a cardiac operation: a cross-sectional study. , 2006, The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery.

[71]  W. A. Chambers,et al.  The prevalence of chronic chest and leg pain following cardiac surgery: a historical cohort study , 2003, Pain.

[72]  P. Lönnqvist,et al.  Bilateral thoracic paravertebral block: potential and practice. , 2011, British journal of anaesthesia.

[73]  M. Chaney.  Thoracic epidural anaesthesia in cardiac surgery--the current standing. , 2009, Annals of cardiac anaesthesia.

[74]  K. Puntillo.  Pain experiences of intensive care unit patients. , 1990, Heart & lung : the journal of critical care.

[75]  E. Yuksel,et al.  Infiltration of the sternotomy wound and the mediastinal tube sites with 0.25% levobupivacaine as adjunctive treatment for postoperative pain after cardiac surgery* , 2008, European journal of anaesthesiology.

[76]  D. Čížková,et al.  The role of nitric oxide in nociception , 2000, Current review of pain.

[77]  L. Manchikanti,et al.  A preliminary report of a randomized double-blind, active controlled trial of fluoroscopic thoracic interlaminar epidural injections in managing chronic thoracic pain. , 2010, Pain physician.

[78]  P. Lavand'homme,et al.  Intraoperative Epidural Analgesia Combined with Ketamine Provides Effective Preventive Analgesia in Patients Undergoing Major Digestive Surgery , 2005, Anesthesiology.

[79]  Jenny Pang,et al.  Prospective randomized trial of high thoracic epidural analgesia for coronary artery bypass surgery. , 2003, The Annals of thoracic surgery.

[80]  Y. Mehta,et al.  Spinal (subarachnoid) morphine for off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery. , 2004, The heart surgery forum.

[81]  M. Argiriou,et al.  Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery BioMed Central Study protocol , 2008 .

[82]  S. Wicky,et al.  Atelectasis Is a Major Cause of Hypoxemia and Shunt after Cardiopulmonary Bypass , 1997, Anesthesiology.

[83]  P. White,et al.  Fast-track cardiac anesthesia: a comparison of remifentanil plus intrathecal morphine with sufentanil in a desflurane-based anesthetic. , 2000, Journal of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia.

[84]  Y. Weiss,et al.  The effects of cardiac surgery on early and late pulmonary functions , 1997, Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica.

[85]  M. Tapia,et al.  Fast-track coronary artery bypass grafting surgery under general anesthesia with remifentanil and spinal analgesia with morphine and clonidine. , 2005, Journal of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia.

[86]  E. Eisenberg,et al.  Prevalence and characteristics of post coronary artery bypass graft surgery pain (PCP) , 2001, Pain.

[87]  Clark C Smith,et al.  A report of paraparesis following spinal cord stimulator trial, implantation and revision. , 2010, Pain physician.

[88]  P. Duke,et al.  Thoracic epidural analgesia improves pulmonary function in patients undergoing cardiac surgery , 2008, Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie.

[89]  O. Ergene,et al.  Efficacy of gabapentin versus diclofenac in the treatment of chest pain and paresthesia in patients with sternotomy. , 2009, Anadolu kardiyoloji dergisi : AKD = the Anatolian journal of cardiology.

[90]  G. Vanstrum,et al.  Postoperative Effects of Intrathecal Morphine in Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery , 1988, Anesthesia and analgesia.

[91]  Y. Mehta,et al.  Thoracic epidural analgesia in obese patients with body mass index of more than 30 kg/m2 for off pump coronary artery bypass surgery. , 2010, Annals of cardiac anaesthesia.

[92]  R. Sukhani,et al.  Caudal anesthesia and urinary retention in ambulatory surgery. , 1997, Anesthesia and analgesia.

[93]  G. Korfalı,et al.  Comparison of analgesic effects of morphine, fentanyl, and remifentanil with intravenous patient-controlled analgesia after cardiac surgery. , 2004, Journal of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia.

[94]  S. Rao,et al.  Post-operative Pain Relief by PCA v/s Oral Tramadol in Cardiac Surgery. , 2001, Annals of cardiac anaesthesia.

[95]  P. Pettersson,et al.  Patient‐controlled versus nurse‐controlled pain treatment after coronary artery bypass surgery , 2000, Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica.

[96]  S. Goldstein,et al.  A survey of spinal and epidural techniques in adult cardiac surgery. , 2001, Journal of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia.

[97]  Christopher L. Wu,et al.  Effects of Perioperative Central Neuraxial Analgesia on Outcome after Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery: A Meta-analysis , 2004, Anesthesiology.

[98]  Andreas Hoeft,et al.  Complications of the COX-2 inhibitors parecoxib and valdecoxib after cardiac surgery. , 2005, The New England journal of medicine.

[99]  G. Pasternak,et al.  Clinical guidelines for the use of chronic opioid therapy in chronic noncancer pain. , 2009, The journal of pain : official journal of the American Pain Society.

[100]  A. Almeida,et al.  Parasternal intercostal block with ropivacaine for pain management after cardiac surgery: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. , 2007, Journal of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia.

[101]  H. Kokki,et al.  Pain after Cardiac Surgery: A Prospective Cohort Study of 1-Year Incidence and Intensity , 2006, Anesthesiology.

[102]  P. Klineberg,et al.  Thoracic epidural anesthesia for cardiac surgery: the effects on tracheal intubation time and length of hospital stay. , 2002 .

[103]  R. Seymour,et al.  The Efficacy of Preemptive Analgesia for Acute Postoperative Pain Management: A Meta-Analysis , 2005, Anesthesia and analgesia.

[104]  M. Choinière,et al.  Intrathecal Morphine after Cardiac Surgery , 2002, The Annals of pharmacotherapy.

[105]  G. Hedenstierna,et al.  Ventilation‐Perfusion Inequality in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery , 1994, Anesthesiology.

[106]  H. Kehlet,et al.  Preventive analgesia to reduce wound hyperalgesia and persistent postsurgical pain: not an easy path. , 2005, Anesthesiology.

[107]  R. Spengler,et al.  Adjuvant Therapy With Intrathecal Clonidine Improves Postoperative Pain in Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Graft , 2009, The Clinical journal of pain.

[108]  P. Duke,et al.  Efficacy and safety of the cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors parecoxib and valdecoxib in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. , 2003, The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery.

[109]  Ahmet Arnaz,et al.  Preserved Pleural Integrity Provides Better Respiratory Function and Pain Score after Coronary Surgery , 2009, Journal of cardiac surgery.

[110]  A. Ashworth,et al.  A survey of post-sternotomy chronic pain following cardiac surgery. , 2009, Anaesthesia.

[111]  C. Royse,et al.  High thoracic epidural analgesia reduces the risk of long-term depression in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. , 2007, Annals of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery : official journal of the Association of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgeons of Asia.

[112]  D. Scott,et al.  Epidural Anesthesia for Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery Compared with General Anesthesia Alone Does Not Reduce Biochemical Markers of Myocardial Damage , 2005, Anesthesia and analgesia.

[113]  E. Kalso,et al.  Chronic post‐sternotomy pain , 2001, Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica.

[114]  B. Walder,et al.  Reducing pain in patients undergoing cardiac surgery after implementation of a quality improvement postoperative pain treatment program. , 2008, Journal of critical care.

[115]  Y. Jammes,et al.  Identification and properties of parietal pleural afferents in rabbits , 2005, The Journal of physiology.

[116]  M. Gielen,et al.  Coronary artery bypass grafting using two different anesthetic techniques: Part 2: Postoperative outcome. , 1992, Journal of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia.

[117]  M. Casas,et al.  Bilateral paravertebral blockade for conventional cardiac surgery , 2003, Anaesthesia.

[118]  P. Bruins,et al.  Pain in intensive care after sternotomy is predictive for chronic thoracic pain , 2008, Critical Care.

[119]  G. Baranauskas,et al.  SENSITIZATION OF PAIN PATHWAYS IN THE SPINAL CORD: CELLULAR MECHANISMS , 1998, Progress in Neurobiology.

[120]  G. Bennett.  Update on the neurophysiology of pain transmission and modulation: focus on the NMDA-receptor. , 2000, Journal of pain and symptom management.

[121]  T. Coderre,et al.  Peripheral and central hyperexcitability: Differential signs and symptoms in persistent pain , 1997, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

[122]  M. Sayın,et al.  Effects of single-dose gabapentin on postoperative pain and morphine consumption after cardiac surgery. , 2010, Journal of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia.

[123]  M. Devor.  Neuropathic pain: what do we do with all these theories? , 2001, Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica.

[124]  Lars Arendt-Nielsen,et al.  Quantitative Sensory Testing and Human Surgery: Effects of Analgesic Management on Postoperative Neuroplasticity , 2003, Anesthesiology.

[125]  Patrick D. Wall,et al.  Properties of afferent nerve impulses originating from a neuroma , 1974, Nature.

[126]  Jeevanantham Rajeswaran,et al.  Minimally invasive versus conventional mitral valve surgery: a propensity-matched comparison. , 2010, The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery.

[127]  A. Mailis,et al.  Chest wall pain after aortocoronary bypass surgery using internal mammary artery graft: a new pain syndrome? , 1989, Heart & lung : the journal of critical care.

[128]  V. Kavuncu,et al.  Comparison of continuous and intermittent transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in postoperative pain management after coronary artery bypass grafting: a randomized, placebo-controlled prospective study. , 2009, The heart surgery forum.

[129]  D. Kopacz,et al.  Parasternal Block and Local Anesthetic Infiltration with Levobupivacaine After Cardiac Surgery with Desflurane: The Effect on Postoperative Pain, Pulmonary Function, and Tracheal Extubation Times , 2005, Anesthesia and analgesia.

[130]  M. Chaney,et al.  Large-Dose Intrathecal Morphine for Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting , 1996, Anesthesia and analgesia.

[131]  A. Gottschalk,et al.  Severing the link between acute and chronic pain: the anesthesiologist's role in preventive medicine. , 2004, Anesthesiology.

[132]  P. Fine,et al.  Sternal wire-induced persistent chest pain: a possible hypersensitivity reaction. , 1990, The Annals of thoracic surgery.

[133]  J. Milbrandt,et al.  Multi-modal, pre-emptive analgesia decreases the length of hospital stay following total joint arthroplasty. , 2009, Orthopedics.

[134]  L. Køber,et al.  Duration of Treatment With Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Impact on Risk of Death and Recurrent Myocardial Infarction in Patients With Prior Myocardial Infarction: A Nationwide Cohort Study , 2011, Circulation.

[135]  H. Tymkew,et al.  Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Respiration and Airway , 2005 .

[136]  M. Sharpe,et al.  Effect of subarachnoid morphine administration on extubation time after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. , 2000, Journal of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia.

[137]  J. Harris,et al.  Glutamate and tachykinin receptors in central sensitization of withdrawal reflexes in the decerebrated rabbit , 2004, Experimental physiology.

[138]  Judith E. Hall,et al.  Opioid-sparing effects of diclofenac and paracetamol lead to improved outcomes after cardiac surgery. , 2004, Journal of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia.

[139]  G. Gebhart,et al.  Nitric oxide (NO) and nociceptive processing in the spinal cord , 1993, Pain.

[140]  D. Bracco,et al.  Epidural analgesia in cardiac surgery: an updated risk assessment. , 2007, The heart surgery forum.

[141]  R. Hetzer,et al.  Ministernotomy versus complete sternotomy for coronary bypass operations: no difference in postoperative pulmonary function. , 2001, The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery.

[142]  G. Hedenstierna,et al.  Thoracic epidural anesthesia as an adjunct to general anesthesia for cardiac surgery: effects on ventilation-perfusion relationships. , 1999, Journal of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia.

[143]  A. Uçak,et al.  The effects of gabapentin on acute and chronic postoperative pain after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. , 2011, Journal of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia.

[144]  C. Cahill,et al.  Neuropathic pain: a practical guide for the clinician , 2006, Canadian Medical Association Journal.

[145]  K. Watschinger,et al.  Pharmacological disruption of calcium channel trafficking by the α2δ ligand gabapentin , 2008, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[146]  Agustín Martínez,et al.  What is the optimal morphine dose to be administered intrathecally in postoperative analgesia of cardiac surgery? , 2002, Journal of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia.

[147]  L. O. Dallan,et al.  Comparison study of two different patient-controlled anesthesia regiments after cardiac surgery. , 2010, Revista Brasileira De Cirurgia Cardiovascular.

[148]  H. Issever,et al.  Postoperative effects of opioid analgesics administered via continuous perfusion and patient controlled analgesia after open heart surgery. , 2006, Yakugaku zasshi : Journal of the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan.

[149]  J. Burrin,et al.  Hormonal effects of thoracic extradural analgesia for cardiac surgery. , 1995, British journal of anaesthesia.

[150]  Y. Mehta,et al.  Thoracic epidural analgesia for off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. , 2010, Annals of Cardiac Anaesthesia.

[151]  T. Evans,et al.  Changes in lung function and pulmonary capillary permeability after cardiopulmonary bypass , 1992, Critical care medicine.

[152]  C. Andersen,et al.  Can chronic poststernotomy pain after cardiac valve replacement be reduced using thoracic epidural analgesia? , 2004, Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica.

[153]  L. Bacchi-Reggiani,et al.  Intravenous paracetamol as adjunctive treatment for postoperative pain after cardiac surgery: a double blind randomized controlled trial. , 2007, European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery : official journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery.

[154]  H. Tymkew,et al.  Low-dose intrathecal morphine does not delay early extubation after cardiac surgery. , 2005, Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie.

[155]  K. Dere,et al.  Myofascial pain at post-sternotomy patients after cardiac surgery: A clinical study in 1226 patients , 2008 .

[156]  M. Carmona,et al.  Intrathecal Morphine Plus General Anesthesia in Cardiac Surgery: Effects on Pulmonary Function, Postoperative Analgesia, and Plasma Morphine Concentration , 2009, Clinics.

[157]  G N Kenny,et al.  Patient-maintained analgesia with target-controlled alfentanil infusion after cardiac surgery: a comparison with morphine PCA. , 1998, British journal of anaesthesia.

[158]  S. Lydersen,et al.  Chronic pain after cardiac surgery: a prospective study , 2010, Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica.

[159]  A. But,et al.  The effects of single‐dose tramadol on post‐operative pain and morphine requirements after coronary artery bypass surgery , 2007, Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica.

[160]  Steven P. Cohen,et al.  Pulsed radiofrequency of the dorsal root ganglia is superior to pharmacotherapy or pulsed radiofrequency of the intercostal nerves in the treatment of chronic postsurgical thoracic pain. , 2006, Pain physician.

[161]  L. V. von Segesser,et al.  Impact of duration of chest tube drainage on pain after cardiac surgery. , 2000, European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery : official journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery.

[162]  H. Scheld,et al.  High thoracic epidural anesthesia, but not clonidine, attenuates the perioperative stress response via sympatholysis and reduces the release of troponin T in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. , 1999, Anesthesia and analgesia.

[163]  T Walther,et al.  Comparison of MIDCAP versus conventional CABG surgery regarding pain and quality of life. , 1999, The heart surgery forum.

[164]  G. Fanelli,et al.  Incidence of hypotension and bradycardia during integrated epidural/general anaesthesia. An epidemiologic observational study on 1200 consecutive patients. Italian Study Group on Integrated Anaesthesia. , 1998, Minerva anestesiologica.

[165]  O. Levang,et al.  Thoracic epidural analgesia in aortocoronary bypass surgery II: effects on the endocrine metabolic response , 1994, Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica.

[166]  P. White,et al.  Use of a Continuous Local Anesthetic Infusion for Pain Management after Median Sternotomy , 2003, Anesthesiology.

[167]  L. van Gulik,et al.  Improved analgesia after the realisation of a pain management programme in ICU patients after cardiac surgery , 2010, European journal of anaesthesiology.

[168]  J. Norrie,et al.  A Prospective Randomized Study of the Potential Benefits of Thoracic Epidural Anesthesia and Analgesia in Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting , 2001, Anesthesia and analgesia.

[169]  Masha Kocherginsky,et al.  Tissue-disruptive forces during median sternotomy. , 2007, The heart surgery forum.

[170]  S. Ricksten,et al.  Thoracic Epidural versus Intravenous Patient-controlled Analgesia after Cardiac Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial on Length of Hospital Stay and Patient-perceived Quality of Recovery , 2006, Anesthesiology.

[171]  J. Desmeules,et al.  Pharmacologie du tramadol , 2012, Drugs.

[172]  Dallace L. Meehan,et al.  Analgesic administration, pain intensity, and patient satisfaction in cardiac surgical patients. , 1995, American journal of critical care : an official publication, American Association of Critical-Care Nurses.

[173]  Christopher L. Wu,et al.  Effect of Postoperative Analgesia on Major Postoperative Complications: A Systematic Update of the Evidence , 2007, Anesthesia and analgesia.

[174]  B. Erstad,et al.  Structured approaches to pain management in the ICU. , 2009, Chest.