Making context memories independent of the hippocampus.

We present evidence that certain learning parameters can make a memory, even a very recent one, become independent of the hippocampus. We confirm earlier findings that damage to the hippocampus causes severe retrograde amnesia for context memories, but we show that repeated learning sessions create a context memory that is not vulnerable to the damage. The findings demonstrate that memories normally dependent on the hippocampus are incrementally strengthened in other memory networks with additional learning. The latter provides a new account for patterns of hippocampal retrograde amnesia and how memories may become independent of the hippocampus.

[1]  P. Frankland,et al.  The precision of remote context memories does not require the hippocampus , 2009, Nature Neuroscience.

[2]  J. Biedenkapp,et al.  Hippocampal and extrahippocampal systems compete for control of contextual fear: role of ventral subiculum and amygdala. , 2008, Learning & memory.

[3]  R. Sutherland,et al.  Absence of systems consolidation of fear memories after dorsal, ventral, or complete hippocampal damage , 2008, Hippocampus.

[4]  I. Whishaw,et al.  Similar development of cued and learned home bases in control and hippocampal‐damaged rats in an open field exploratory task , 2007, Hippocampus.

[5]  G. Winocur,et al.  Memory consolidation or transformation: context manipulation and hippocampal representations of memory , 2007, Nature Neuroscience.

[6]  R. Sutherland,et al.  Complete or partial hippocampal damage produces equivalent retrograde amnesia for remote contextual fear memories , 2007, The European journal of neuroscience.

[7]  E. Maguire,et al.  Navigation around London by a taxi driver with bilateral hippocampal lesions. , 2006, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[8]  Fraser T. Sparks,et al.  Growth points in research on memory and hippocampus. , 2006, Canadian journal of experimental psychology = Revue canadienne de psychologie experimentale.

[9]  Brian J. Wiltgen,et al.  Context Fear Learning in the Absence of the Hippocampus , 2006, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[10]  D. Mumby,et al.  Retrograde amnesia following hippocampal lesions in the shock‐probe conditioning test , 2006, Hippocampus.

[11]  G. Winocur,et al.  The cognitive neuroscience of remote episodic, semantic and spatial memory , 2006, Current Opinion in Neurobiology.

[12]  R. Sutherland,et al.  Seahorse wins all races: Hippocampus participates in both linear and non-linear visual discrimination learning , 2005, Behavioural Brain Research.

[13]  P. Frankland,et al.  The organization of recent and remote memories , 2005, Nature Reviews Neuroscience.

[14]  Andrew M. Poulos,et al.  The neuroscience of mammalian associative learning. , 2005, Annual review of psychology.

[15]  Martijn Meeter,et al.  Consolidation of long-term memory: evidence and alternatives. , 2004, Psychological bulletin.

[16]  Alcino J. Silva,et al.  New Circuits for Old Memories The Role of the Neocortex in Consolidation , 2004, Neuron.

[17]  R. Clark,et al.  The medial temporal lobe. , 2004, Annual review of neuroscience.

[18]  Francisco Arcediano,et al.  Overshadowing as a function of trial number: Dynamics of first- and second-order comparator effects , 2003, Learning & behavior.

[19]  Joseph E LeDoux,et al.  Cellular and Systems Reconsolidation in the Hippocampus , 2002, Neuron.

[20]  R. J. McDonald,et al.  Multiple Parallel Memory Systems in the Brain of the Rat , 2002, Neurobiology of Learning and Memory.

[21]  R. O’Reilly,et al.  Conjunctive representations in learning and memory: principles of cortical and hippocampal function. , 2001, Psychological review.

[22]  Greg D. Gale,et al.  Hippocampus and contextual fear conditioning: Recent controversies and advances , 2001, Hippocampus.

[23]  R. J. McDonald,et al.  Amygdala, hippocampus and discriminative fear conditioning to context , 2000, Behavioural Brain Research.

[24]  Bruce S. Kapp,et al.  Amygdaloid D1 dopamine receptor involvement in Pavlovian fear conditioning , 1999, Brain Research.

[25]  M. Fanselow,et al.  Temporally Graded Retrograde Amnesia of Contextual Fear after Hippocampal Damage in Rats: Within-Subjects Examination , 1999, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[26]  Alcino J. Silva,et al.  The dorsal hippocampus is essential for context discrimination but not for contextual conditioning. , 1998, Behavioral neuroscience.

[27]  M. Fanselow,et al.  Neurotoxic lesions of the dorsal hippocampus and Pavlovian fear conditioning in rats , 1997, Behavioural Brain Research.

[28]  D. Amaral,et al.  Three Cases of Enduring Memory Impairment after Bilateral Damage Limited to the Hippocampal Formation , 1996, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[29]  James L. McClelland,et al.  Why there are complementary learning systems in the hippocampus and neocortex: insights from the successes and failures of connectionist models of learning and memory. , 1995, Psychological review.

[30]  L. Squire,et al.  Retrograde amnesia and memory consolidation: a neurobiological perspective , 1995, Current Opinion in Neurobiology.

[31]  M. Fanselow,et al.  Modality-specific retrograde amnesia of fear. , 1992, Science.

[32]  D. Schacter,et al.  The Evolution of Multiple Memory Systems , 1987 .

[33]  R. Passingham.  The hippocampus as a cognitive map J. O'Keefe & L. Nadel, Oxford University Press, Oxford (1978). 570 pp., £25.00 , 1979, Neuroscience.

[34]  L. Nadel,et al.  The Hippocampus as a Cognitive Map , 1978 .

[35]  W. Scoville,et al.  LOSS OF RECENT MEMORY AFTER BILATERAL HIPPOCAMPAL LESIONS , 1957, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.