Solids management and removal for intensive land-based aquaculture production systems

This review aims to identify and examine realistic aquaculture waste solids management strategies. The main reason for treating solids to be discharged from flow-through systems is to reduce potential negative impacts on the surrounding aquatic environment. In reuse and recycle systems, solids management will be required to maintain culture water quality. In such cases, solids management will often be designed to be combined with other unit processes. Solids concentrations in the untreated effluent from flow-though farms are low at around 5‐50 mg l 1 , and do not appear to have altered greatly within the last 20 years. These solids can commonly carry 7‐32% of the total nitrogen and 30‐84% of the total phosphorus in the wastewater. Feed quality and feeding management can be manipulated to reduce the quantity of waste solids produced. Decreases in the specific water consumption within a farm, increase the concentration of solids in the effluent, which results in an increase in particle separation efficiency. Particles should be separated from the culture stock and the primary effluent flow quickly and efficiently (i.e. at high solids concentrations). This can be achieved by within-tank separation systems, often comprising a separate low-flow particle outlet. Rotating microscreens are commonly used at land-based intensive fish-farms in Europe. Screen mesh pore sizes of 60‐200 mm are common. There is little advantage in using pore sizes smaller than 60 mm. Low concentration aquaculture solids usually settle discretely in sedimentation tanks, i.e. with no agglomeration of particles that would increase their settling velocity. Such basins are prone to many technical problems, and in most situations are unlikely to be suitable for the treatment of solids in the primary wastewater from aquaculture facilities. Sedimentation basins may be appropriate for secondary de-watering or thickening. Overflow rates of 1.0‐2.7 m 3 m 2 h 1 have been reported. Bead filters and

[1]  Steinar Sanni,et al.  Sludge removal from salmonid tank effluent using rotating microsieves , 1993 .

[2]  E. Welch,et al.  Ecological effects of wastewater : applied limnology and pollution effects , 1996 .

[3]  O. Einen,et al.  Auditing nutrient discharges from fish farms: theoretical and practical considerations , 1995 .

[4]  Michael B. Timmons,et al.  Aquaculture water reuse systems: engineering design and management. , 1994 .

[5]  R. Burrows.  Effects of accumulated excretory products on hatchery-reared salmonids: , 1964 .

[6]  H. Liltved,et al.  A system for the treatment of sludge from land-based fish-farms , 1998 .

[7]  A. Bergheim.  Waste production in aquaculture , 1996 .

[8]  Helge Liltved,et al.  Removal of particle‐associated bacteria by prefiltration and ultraviolet irradiation , 1999 .

[9]  R. Foy,et al.  Fractionation of phosphorus and nitrogen loadings from a Northern Ireland fish farm , 1991 .

[10]  Frederick W. Pontius,et al.  Water quality and treatment : a handbook of community water supplies , 1990 .

[11]  S. Cripps.  Serial particle size fractionation and characterisation of an aquacultural effluent , 1995 .

[12]  A. Bergheim,et al.  Predicting output of ammonium from fish farms , 1994 .

[13]  F. Wheaton,et al.  Nitrification filter design methods , 1994 .

[14]  A. D. Pickering.  Stress and Fish , 1981 .

[15]  K. Shearer,et al.  Ration optimalization to reduce potential pollutants--preliminary results , 1991 .

[16]  R. Burley,et al.  Flow distribution studies in fish rearing tanks. Part 2—Analysis of hydraulic performance of 1m square tanks , 1985 .

[17]  M. Timmons,et al.  Feasibility of using foam fractionation for the removal of dissolved and suspended solids from fish culture water , 1992 .

[18]  Raymond D. Letterman,et al.  Water quality and treatment : a handbook of community water supplies , 1999 .

[19]  J. P. Henderson,et al.  Optimising the removal of suspended solids from aquacultural effluents in settlement lakes , 1988 .

[20]  R. F. Malone,et al.  Suspended solids control in recirculating aquaculture systems , 1994 .

[21]  Steven T. Summerfelt,et al.  A hydroacoustic waste feed controller for tank systems , 1995 .

[22]  D. E. Brune,et al.  Aquaculture and water quality , 1991 .

[23]  John Colt,et al.  Applications of pure oxygen in fish culture , 1988 .

[24]  Eric J. Wagner,et al.  Evaluation of a New Baffle Design for Solid Waste Removal from Hatchery Raceways , 1993 .

[25]  Thomas B. Lawson,et al.  Fundamentals of Aquacultural Engineering , 1995, Springer US.

[26]  E. Welch.  Ecological effects of wastewater , 1980 .

[27]  M. Binde,et al.  Effects of reduced waterflow (increased loading) in soft water on Atlantic salmon smolts (Salmo salar L.) while maintaining oxygen at constant level by oxygenation of the inlet water , 1994 .

[28]  Eben W. Cobb,et al.  A Circular Pond with Central Outlet for Rearing Fry and Fingerlings of the Salmonidae , 1930 .

[29]  H. Reinersten,et al.  Fish Farming Technology , 1993 .

[30]  Barnaby J. Watten,et al.  Comparative hydraulics and rearing trial performance of a production scale cross-flow rearing unit , 1990 .

[31]  H. Liltved,et al.  Screening as a method for removal of parasites from inlet water to fish farms , 1990 .

[32]  F. W. Wheaton,et al.  Nitrification filter principles , 1994 .

[33]  M. Landau.  Introduction to Aquaculture , 1991 .

[34]  John Colt,et al.  Design and Operating Guide for Aquaculture Seawater Systems , 1989 .

[35]  M. Timmons.  Aquaculture and the Environment , 1992 .

[36]  R. Foy,et al.  Loadings of nitrogen and phosphorus from a Northern Ireland fish farm , 1991 .

[37]  T. Storebakken,et al.  Ration Level for Salmonids II. Growth, Feed Intake, Protein Digestibility, Body Composition, and Feed Conversion in Rainbow Trout Weighing 0.5-1.0 kg , 1987 .

[38]  M. G. Poxton,et al.  A Review of the Design and Performance of Tanks Relevant to Flatfish Culture , 1992 .

[39]  T. Losordo,et al.  System carrying capacity and flow estimation , 1994 .

[40]  A. Cholette,et al.  Mixing efficiency determinations for continuous flow systems , 1959 .

[41]  M. Timmons,et al.  Modeling surfactant removal in foam fractionation: II — Experimental investigations , 1994 .

[42]  I. Willett,et al.  Fertilizing properties of trout farm waste , 1986 .

[43]  T. Losordo,et al.  Water treatment and waste characterization evaluation of an intensive recirculating fish production system , 1997 .

[44]  H. Westers,et al.  Waste solids control in hatchery raceways , 1986 .

[45]  M. Timmons,et al.  Suspended-Solids Removal by Foam Fractionation , 1993 .

[46]  H. D. Stensel,et al.  Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Reuse , 2002 .

[47]  Jerry L. Chesness,et al.  Settling Basin Design for Raceway Fish Production Systems , 1975 .

[48]  K. Shearer,et al.  Dietary phosphorus requirement of juvenile Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. , 1997 .

[49]  R. Burrows,et al.  The Rectangular Circulating Rearing Pond , 1970 .

[50]  D. Aneshansley,et al.  Suspended solids characteristics from recirculating aquacultural systems and design implications , 1993 .

[51]  G. Otte,et al.  Management of a closed brackish water system for high-density fish culture by biological and chemical water treatment , 1979 .

[52]  George Tchobanoglous,et al.  Wastewater Engineering Treatment Disposal Reuse , 1972 .

[53]  A. Bergheim,et al.  Towards a reduction of pollution from intensive aquaculture with reference to the farming of salmonids in Norway , 1991 .

[54]  S. J. Cripps,et al.  Minimizing outputs: treatment , 1994 .

[55]  H. H. Chenoweth,et al.  Evaluation of three types of fish rearing ponds , 1955 .

[56]  Donald J. Baird,et al.  Aquaculture and Water Resource Management , 1996 .

[57]  J. Wickins.  Water quality requirements for intensive aquaculture: a review , 1981 .

[58]  J. Colt,et al.  Water quality considerations and criteria for high-density fish culture with supplemental oxygen , 1991 .

[59]  A. Alanärä.  Demand feeding as a self-regulating feeding system for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in net-pens , 1992 .

[60]  Wang JawKai.  Techniques for modern aquaculture. , 1993 .

[61]  A. Ellis.  Fish and shellfish pathology , 1985 .

[62]  J. S. Alabastar.  Report of the EIFAC workshop on fish-farm effluents , 1982 .

[63]  M. Timmons,et al.  Modeling surfactant removal in foam fractionation: I — Theoretical development , 1994 .

[64]  H. Ackefors,et al.  The release of nutrients and organic matter from aquaculture systems in Nordic countries , 1994 .

[65]  Barnaby J. Watten,et al.  Comparative hydraulics of a rectangular cross-flow rearing unit , 1987 .

[66]  T. Mäkinen,et al.  Sieving as an effluent treatment method for aquaculture , 1988 .

[67]  H. Ackefors,et al.  Discharge of nutrients from Swedish fish farming to adjacent sea areas. , 1990 .

[68]  M. Poxton,et al.  Water quality criteria for marine fisheries , 1982 .

[69]  G. Rumsey,et al.  Use of Ozone in a Water Reuse System for Salmonids , 1982 .

[70]  M. B. Timmons.  Use of foam fractionators in aquaculture , 1994 .

[71]  E. R. Clark,et al.  Production of metabolic and waste products by intensively farmed rainbow trout, Salmo gaivdnevi Richardson , 1985 .