Effects of marital conflict on children: recent advances and emerging themes in process-oriented research.

BACKGROUND The effects of marital conflict on children's adjustment are well documented. For the past decade research has increasingly focused on advancing a process-level understanding of these effects, that is, accounting for the particular responses and patterns embedded within specific contexts, histories, and developmental periods that account for children's outcomes over time. METHODS As a vehicle for presenting an update, this review follows the framework for process-oriented research initially proposed by Cummings and Cummings (1988), concentrating on recent research developments, and also considering new and emerging themes in this area of research. RESULTS In this regard, areas of advancement include (a) greater articulation of the effects of specific context/stimulus characteristics of marital conflict, (b) progress in identifying the psychological response processes in children (e.g., cognitive, emotional, social, physiological) that are affected and their possible role in accounting for relations between marital conflict and child outcomes, (c) greater understanding of the role of child characteristics, family history, and other contextual factors, including effects on children due to interrelations between marital conflict and parenting, and (d) advances in the conceptualization of children's outcomes, including that effects may be more productively viewed as dynamic processes of functioning rather than simply clinical diagnoses. CONCLUSIONS Understanding of the impact of marital conflict on children as a function of time-related processes remains a gap in a process-oriented conceptualization of effects. Based on this review, a revised model for a process-oriented approach on the effects of marital discord on children is proposed and suggestions are made for future research directions.

[1]  Attachment as an Organizational Construct , 1977 .

[2]  I. Sandler,et al.  Social support resources, stress, and maladjustment of poor children , 1980, American journal of community psychology.

[3]  C. Zahn-Waxler,et al.  Young Children's Responses to Expressions of Anger and Affection by Others in the Family. , 1981 .

[4]  F. Aboud,et al.  A developmental perspective on the study of depression: Children's evaluative reactions to sadness. , 1981 .

[5]  F. Aboud,et al.  Keeping one's distance from sadness: Children's self-reports of emotional experience. , 1982 .

[6]  R. Emery.  Interparental conflict and the children of discord and divorce. , 1982, Psychological bulletin.

[7]  Mary Ellen Lynch,et al.  The Intensification of Gender-Related Role Expectations during Early Adolescence , 1983 .

[8]  J. Belsky.  The determinants of parenting: a process model. , 1984, Child development.

[9]  C. Zahn-Waxler,et al.  Developmental changes in children's reactions to anger in the home. , 1984, Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines.

[10]  M. Rutter,et al.  Parental psychiatric disorder: effects on children , 1984, Psychological Medicine.

[11]  C. Zahn-Waxler,et al.  Influence of conflict between adults on the emotions and aggression of young children. , 1985 .

[12]  D. A. Kenny,et al.  The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. , 1986, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[13]  G. Margolin.  Participant Observation Procedures in Marital and Family Assessment , 1987 .

[14]  E. M. Cummings,et al.  Coping with background anger in early childhood. , 1987, Child development.

[15]  A. Caspi,et al.  Moving Against the World: Life-Course Patterns of Explosive Children , 1987 .

[16]  R. Abramovitch,et al.  Understanding Emotion in the Family: Children's and Parents' Attributions of Happiness, Sadness, and Anger , 1987 .

[17]  Z. Stoneman,et al.  Family system and individual child correlates of sibling behavior. , 1987, The American journal of orthopsychiatry.

[18]  J. Johnston,et al.  Ongoing postdivorce conflict and child disturbance , 1987, Journal of abnormal child psychology.

[19]  N. Jacobson,et al.  The effects of observational training on spouse agreement about events in their relationship. , 1988, Behaviour research and therapy.

[20]  E. M. Cummings,et al.  A process-oriented approach to children's coping with adults' angry behavior , 1988 .

[21]  C. Notarius,et al.  Children's responses to angry adult behavior as a function of marital distress and history of interparent hostility. , 1989, Child development.

[22]  E. Mark Cummings,et al.  Coping with adults' angry behavior: Behavioral, physiological, and verbal responses in preschoolers. , 1989 .

[23]  Cummings Em,et al.  Responding to anger in aggressive and nonaggressive boys: a research note. , 1989 .

[24]  E. M. Cummings,et al.  Children's responses to different forms of expression of anger between adults. , 1989, Child development.

[25]  John M. Gottman,et al.  Effects of Marital Discord on Young Children's Peer Interaction and Health , 1989 .

[26]  R. Katz,et al.  Maternal Depression and the Emotional Development of the Child , 1989, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[27]  P. Graham,et al.  Coping with parental quarrels. , 1989, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[28]  E. M. Cummings,et al.  Response to adults' angry behavior in children of alcoholic and nonalcoholic parents. , 1990, The Journal of genetic psychology.

[29]  R. Forehand,et al.  A mediational model of the impact of marital conflict on adolescent adjustment in intact and divorced families: the role of disrupted parenting. , 1990, Child development.

[30]  G. Downey,et al.  Children of depressed parents: an integrative review. , 1990, Psychological bulletin.

[31]  J M Jenkins,et al.  Factors protecting children living in disharmonious homes: maternal reports. , 1990, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[32]  John H. Grych,et al.  Marital conflict and children's adjustment: a cognitive-contextual framework. , 1990, Psychological bulletin.

[33]  E. Jouriles,et al.  Marital adjustment and child conduct problems: a comparison of the correlation across subsamples. , 1991 .

[34]  Theodore D. Wachs,et al.  Synthesis: Promising research designs, measures, and strategies. , 1991 .

[35]  J. Dunn,et al.  Family Talk about Feeling States and Children's Later Understanding of Others' Emotions. , 1991 .

[36]  E. M. Cummings,et al.  Resolution and Children's Responses to Interadult Anger. , 1991 .

[37]  Michael Rutter,et al.  Person-environment interactions: Concepts, mechanisms, and implications for data analysis. , 1991 .

[38]  S. Dornbusch,et al.  Caught between parents: adolescents' experience in divorced homes. , 1991, Child development.

[39]  R. Forehand,et al.  Presence of a Sibling as a Potential Buffer Following Parental Divorce: An Examination of Young Adolescents , 1991 .

[40]  P. Amato,et al.  Parental divorce and the well-being of children: a meta-analysis. , 1991, Psychological bulletin.

[41]  G. Margolin,et al.  Mothers' and Sons' Cognitive and Emotional Reactions to Simulated Marital and Family Conflict. , 1991 .

[42]  D. A. Smith,et al.  Marital adjustment, parental disagreements about child rearing, and behavior problems in boys: increasing the specificity of the marital assessment. , 1991, Child development.

[43]  E. M. Cummings,et al.  Responses of children and adolescents to interadult anger as a function of gender, age, and mode of expression. , 1991 .

[44]  J. Cassidy,et al.  Family-peer connections: the roles of emotional expressiveness within the family and children's understanding of emotions. , 1992, Child development.

[45]  F. Fincham,et al.  Parenting in context: systemic thinking about parental conflict and its influence on children. , 1992, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[46]  Z. Stoneman,et al.  Associations of maternal and paternal direct and differential behavior with sibling relationships: contemporaneous and longitudinal analyses. , 1992, Child development.

[47]  E. M. Cummings,et al.  Availability of Control and Preschoolers' Responses to Interadult Anger , 1992 .

[48]  Z. Strassberg,et al.  The longitudinal relation between parental conflict strategies and children's sociometric standing in kindergarten , 1992 .

[49]  F D Fincham,et al.  Assessing marital conflict from the child's perspective: the children's perception of interparental conflict scale. , 1992, Child development.

[50]  L J Horwood,et al.  Family change, parental discord and early offending. , 1992, Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines.

[51]  M. Rutter,et al.  Effects of age and pubertal status on depression in a large clinical sample , 1992, Development and Psychopathology.

[52]  C. Zahn-Waxler,et al.  Emotions and the Socialization of Aggression: Adults’ Angry Behavior and Children’s Arousal and Aggression , 1992 .

[53]  E. Jouriles,et al.  Effects of marital conflict on subsequent parent-son interactions** , 1992 .

[54]  E. M. Cummings,et al.  Children's Responses to Interadult Anger as a Function of Information about Resolution. , 1993 .

[55]  K. Larkin,et al.  Emotional and cardiovascular responses to adults' angry behavior and to challenging tasks in children of hypertensive and normotensive parents. , 1993, Child development.

[56]  K. Leonard,et al.  Alcohol and premarital aggression among newlywed couples. , 1993, Journal of studies on alcohol. Supplement.

[57]  E. M. Cummings,et al.  The impact of anger between adults on siblings' emotions and social behavior. , 1993, Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines.

[58]  Joan G. Miller,et al.  Culture, context, and the development of moral accountability judgments. , 1993 .

[59]  John H. Grych,et al.  Children's appraisals of marital conflict: initial investigations of the cognitive-contextual framework. , 1993, Child development.

[60]  H. E. Cole,et al.  Attachment and emotion regulation during mother-teen problem solving: a control theory analysis. , 1993, Child development.

[61]  D. Shaw,et al.  Developmental theories of parental contributors to antisocial behavior , 1993, Journal of abnormal child psychology.

[62]  M. El-Sheikh.  Children's emotional and physiological responses to interadult angry behavior: The role of history of interparental hostility , 1994, Journal of abnormal child psychology.

[63]  G. Downey,et al.  Rejection sensitivity as a mediator of the impact of childhood exposure to family violence on adult attachment behavior , 1994, Development and Psychopathology.

[64]  C. Webster-Stratton,et al.  Advancing videotape parent training: a comparison study. , 1994, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[65]  S. West,et al.  Coping, stress, and the psychological symptoms of children of divorce: a cross-sectional and longitudinal study. , 1994, Child development.

[66]  Patrick T. Davies,et al.  Marital conflict and child adjustment: an emotional security hypothesis. , 1994, Psychological bulletin.

[67]  E. M. Cummings,et al.  Individual differences in preschoolers' physiological and verbal responses to videotaped angry interactions , 1994, Journal of abnormal child psychology.

[68]  D. Cicchetti,et al.  Responses of physically abused and nonabused children to different forms of interadult anger. , 1994, Child development.

[69]  M. Rutter.  Family discord and conduct disorder: Cause, consequence, or correlate? , 1994 .

[70]  John H. Grych,et al.  Does marital conflict cause child maladjustment? Directions and challenges for longitudinal research. , 1994 .

[71]  Patrick T. Davies,et al.  Maternal depression and child development. , 1994, Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines.

[72]  D. Cicchetti,et al.  Responses of physically abused boys to interadult anger involving their mothers , 1994, Development and Psychopathology.

[73]  E. M. Cummings,et al.  Young children's responses to constructive marital disputes. , 1994 .

[74]  O. Erel,et al.  Interrelatedness of marital relations and parent-child relations: a meta-analytic review. , 1995, Psychological bulletin.

[75]  J. Belsky,et al.  Coparenting during the Child's 2nd Year: A Descriptive Account. , 1995 .

[76]  K. O’leary,et al.  Alcohol and aggressive personality styles: Potentiators of serious physical aggression against wives? , 1995 .

[77]  D. Cicchetti,et al.  Perspectives on developmental psychopathology. , 1995 .

[78]  J. Gottman,et al.  Why Marriages Succeed or Fail , 1995 .

[79]  M. El-Sheikh,et al.  Background verbal and physical anger: a comparison of children's responses to adult-adult and adult-child arguments. , 1995, Child development.

[80]  G. Margolin,et al.  Relation among marital conflict, child coping, and child adjustment , 1995 .

[81]  R. Plomin,et al.  Maternal differential treatment of siblings and children's behavioral problems: A longitudinal study , 1995, Development and Psychopathology.

[82]  E. Jouriles,et al.  Physical aggression toward boys and girls in families characterized by the battering of women , 1995 .

[83]  M. Barrera,et al.  Effects of parental alcoholism and life stress on hispanic and non-hispanic caucasian adelescents: A prospective study , 1995, American journal of community psychology.

[84]  G. Holmbeck,et al.  A contextual-moderator analysis of emotional autonomy and adjustment in adolescence. , 1995, Child development.

[85]  J. Gottman,et al.  Vagal tone protects children from marital conflict , 1995, Development and Psychopathology.

[86]  Patrick T. Davies,et al.  Children's emotions as organizers of their reactions to interadult anger: A functionalist perspective. , 1995 .

[87]  E. M. Cummings,et al.  Children's responses to angry adult behavior as a function of experimentally manipulated exposure to resolved and unresolved conflict , 1995 .

[88]  E. Jouriles,et al.  Effects of verbal marital conflict on subsequent mother-son interactions in a child clinical sample , 1996 .

[89]  Ross A. Thompson,et al.  The double-edged sword : Emotional regulation for children at risk By : , 2009 .

[90]  Patrick T. Davies,et al.  Emotional security as a regulatory process in normal development and the development of psychopathology , 1996, Development and Psychopathology.

[91]  S. Vuchinich,et al.  The Declining Effects of Family Stressors on Antisocial Behavior From Childhood to Adolescence and Early Adulthood , 1996 .

[92]  C. MacKinnon-Lewis,et al.  Antecedents and consequences of boys' depression and aggression : Family and school linkages , 1996 .

[93]  A. M. Greca,et al.  Can peer support buffer against behavioral consequences of parental discord , 1996 .

[94]  E. Jouriles,et al.  Physical Violence and Other Forms of Marital Aggression: Links With Children's Behavior Problems , 1996 .

[95]  J. Deal.  Marital conflict and differential treatment of siblings. , 1996, Family process.

[96]  S. Crockenberg,et al.  The Role of Emotion in Children's Understanding and Emotional Reactions to Marital Conflict. , 1996 .

[97]  P. Kerig.  Assessing the links between interparental conflict and child adjustment: The conflicts and problem-solving scales. , 1996 .

[98]  E. M. Cummings,et al.  Mixed Message Resolution and Children's Responses to Interadult Conflict , 1996 .

[99]  G. Margolin,et al.  The continuance and spillover of everyday tensions in distressed and nondistressed families. , 1996 .

[100]  E. M. Cummings.  Marital Conflict, Abuse, and Adversity in the Family and Child Adjustment: A Developmental Psychopathology Perspective , 1997 .

[101]  A. Krishnakumar,et al.  Interparental Conflict and Youth Problem Behaviors: A Meta-Analysis , 1997 .

[102]  G. Harold,et al.  Mom and dad are at it again : adolescent perceptions of marital conflict and adolescent psychological distress , 1997 .

[103]  M. J. Rogers,et al.  Effects of interparental aggression on children's adjustment : The moderating role of cognitive appraisal and coping , 1997 .

[104]  E. M. Cummings,et al.  Marital conflict, emotional regulation, and the adjustment of children of alcoholics. , 1997, New directions for child development.

[105]  L. Sroufe.  Psychopathology as an outcome of development , 1997, Development and Psychopathology.

[106]  E. M. Cummings,et al.  The Effects of Marital and Parent-Child Conflicts on Other Family Members: Grandmothers and Grown Children , 1997 .

[107]  Patrick T. Davies,et al.  Gender-specific pathways between maternal depressive symptoms, family discord, and adolescent adjustment. , 1997, Developmental psychology.

[108]  D. Cicchetti,et al.  Cognitive Brain Event-Related Potentials and Emotion Processing in Maltreated Children. , 1997, Child development.

[109]  M. Cox,et al.  Marital conflict and the development of infant-parent attachment relationships , 1997 .

[110]  H. Hops,et al.  Adolescent modeling of parent substance use: The moderating effect of the relationship with the parent. , 1997 .

[111]  M. El-Sheikh.  Children's responses to adult-adult and mother-child arguments: The role of parental marital conflict and distress. , 1997 .

[112]  E. Jouriles,et al.  Marital adjustment, marital discord over childrearing, and child behavior problems: moderating effects of child age. , 1997, Journal of clinical child psychology.

[113]  J. Gottman,et al.  Buffering children from marital conflict and dissolution. , 1997, Journal of clinical child psychology.

[114]  G. Margolin,et al.  Mothers' and fathers' reports of children's reactions to naturalistic marital conflict. , 1997, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[115]  G. Holmbeck.  Toward terminological, conceptual, and statistical clarity in the study of mediators and moderators : examples from the child-clinical and pediatric psychology literatures , 1997 .

[116]  G. Margolin,et al.  Marital aggression, observed parental hostility, and child behavior during triadic family interaction , 1997 .

[117]  E. Jouriles,et al.  Knives, guns, and interparent violence : Relations with child behavior problems , 1998 .

[118]  G. Holden,et al.  The co-occurrence of spouse and physical child abuse: A review and appraisal , 1998 .

[119]  D. Cicchetti,et al.  Trauma, mental representation, and the organization of memory for mother-referent material , 1998, Development and Psychopathology.

[120]  H. Hops,et al.  Child responses to parental conflict and their effect on adjustment: A study of triadic relations. , 1998 .

[121]  G. Keitner,et al.  Levels of family assessment: II. Impact of maternal psychopathology on family functioning. , 1998 .

[122]  E. Jouriles,et al.  Breaking the cycle of violence: Helping families departing from battered women's shelters. , 1998 .

[123]  G. Brody,et al.  Sibling relationship quality: its causes and consequences. , 1998, Annual review of psychology.

[124]  Patrick T. Davies,et al.  Exploring children's emotional security as a mediator of the link between marital relations and child adjustment. , 1998, Child development.

[125]  J. L. Rasmussen,et al.  Coparental and family group-level dynamics during infancy: Early family precursors of child and family functioning during preschool , 1998, Development and Psychopathology.

[126]  E. M. Cummings,et al.  Contexts of Marital Conflict and Children’s Emotional Security: Exploring the Distinction Between Constructive and Destructive Conflict From the Children’s Perspective , 1998 .

[127]  John H. Grych,et al.  Children's appraisals of interparental conflict: Situational and contextual influences. , 1998 .

[128]  R. Parke,et al.  Paternal involvement in infancy: The role of maternal and paternal attitudes. , 1998 .

[129]  D. Fergusson,et al.  Exposure to interparental violence in childhood and psychosocial adjustment in young adulthood. , 1998, Child abuse & neglect.

[130]  E. M. Cummings,et al.  Children exposed to marital conflict and violence: Conceptual and theoretical directions. , 1998 .

[131]  Mark A. Laumakis,et al.  The emotional, cognitive and coping responses of preadolescent children to different dimensions of marital conflict. , 1998 .

[132]  F. Fincham.  Child development and marital relations. , 1998, Child development.

[133]  M. Dadds,et al.  Family conflict and child adjustment: Evidence for a cognitive-contextual model of intergenerational transmission. , 1999 .

[134]  Karin S. Frey,et al.  Infants of depressed mothers exhibit atypical frontal electrical brain activity during interactions with mother and with a familiar, nondepressed adult. , 1999, Child development.

[135]  C. Webster-Stratton,et al.  Marital conflict management skills, parenting style, and early-onset conduct problems: processes and pathways. , 1999, Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines.

[136]  Elizabeth B. Owens,et al.  A Longitudinal Study of Interparental Conflict, Emotional and Behavioral Reactivity, and Preschoolers' Adjustment Problems among Low-Income Families , 1999, Journal of abnormal child psychology.

[137]  C. Izard,et al.  Contextual risk, caregiver emotionality, and the problem behaviors of six- and seven-year-old children from economically disadvantaged families. , 1999, Child development.

[138]  I. Gotlib,et al.  Risk for psychopathology in the children of depressed mothers: a developmental model for understanding mechanisms of transmission. , 1999, Psychological review.

[139]  E. M. Cummings,et al.  Sibling disability and children's reactivity to conflicts involving family members. , 1999 .

[140]  K. Renk,et al.  The relationship between parental anger and behavior problems in children and adolescents. , 1999 .

[141]  T. Ollendick,et al.  Psychotherapy with Children and Families , 1999 .

[142]  J. Tschann,et al.  Assessing Interparental Conflict: Reports of Parents and Adolescents in European American and Mexican American Families. , 1999 .

[143]  K. Lindahl,et al.  Marital conflict, family processes, and boys' externalizing behavior in Hispanic American and European American families. , 1999, Journal of clinical child psychology.

[144]  E. M. Cummings,et al.  A Program for Educating Parents about the Effects of Divorce and Conflict on Children: An Initial Evaluation. , 1999 .

[145]  M. Cox,et al.  Marital Perceptions and Interactions across the Transition to Parenthood , 1999 .

[146]  A. Stein,et al.  The socioemotional development of 5-year-old children of postnatally depressed mothers. , 1999, Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines.

[147]  Patrick T. Davies,et al.  Adult conflict history and children's subsequent responses to conflict: An experimental test. , 1999 .

[148]  Patrick T. Davies,et al.  The Interplay between Maternal Depressive Symptoms and Marital Distress in the Prediction of Adolescent Adjustment. , 1999 .

[149]  J. Gerard,et al.  Multiple Risk Factors in the Family Environment and Youth Problem Behaviors , 1999 .

[150]  Phillip R. Shaver,et al.  Handbook of attachment : theory, research, and clinical applications , 1999 .

[151]  Lise M. Youngblade,et al.  Marital conflict and parental hostility: Links with children's sibling and peer relationships. , 1999 .

[152]  J. Jenkins.  Marital conflict and children's emotions: The development of an anger organization. , 2000 .

[153]  John H. Grych,et al.  Patterns of adjustment among children of battered women. , 2000, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[154]  D. Cicchetti,et al.  Affective, organizational, and relational characteristics of maltreating families: a systems perspective. , 2000, Journal of family psychology : JFP : journal of the Division of Family Psychology of the American Psychological Association.

[155]  Patrick T. Davies,et al.  Developmental Psychopathology and Family Process: Theory, Research, and Clinical Implications , 2000 .

[156]  J. Garber,et al.  Psychosocial antecedents of variation in girls' pubertal timing: maternal depression, stepfather presence, and marital and family stress. , 2000, Child development.

[157]  A. Krishnakumar,et al.  Interparental Conflict and Parenting Behaviors: A Meta‐Analytic Review , 2000 .

[158]  G. Harold,et al.  Parents' affect, adolescent cognitive representations, and adolescent social development , 2000 .

[159]  N. Gonzales,et al.  A mediational model of the impact of interparental conflict on child adjustment in a multiethnic, low-income sample. , 2000, Journal of family psychology : JFP : journal of the Division of Family Psychology of the American Psychological Association.

[160]  S. Mangelsdorf,et al.  Marital behavior and the security of preschooler-parent attachment relationships. , 2000, Journal of family psychology : JFP : journal of the Division of Family Psychology of the American Psychological Association.

[161]  Judith A. Feeney,et al.  Marital conflict patterns: Links with family conflict and family members’perceptions of one another , 2000 .

[162]  J. Jenkins,et al.  Children's understanding of martial conflict and the marital relationship. , 2000, Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines.

[163]  R. Bradley,et al.  Moderating effect of perceived amount of family conflict on the relation between home environmental processes and the well-being of adolescents. , 2000, Journal of family psychology : JFP : journal of the Division of Family Psychology of the American Psychological Association.

[164]  Effects of marital conflict on subsequent triadic family interactions and parenting. , 2000, Developmental psychology.

[165]  F D Fincham,et al.  Interparental conflict and child adjustment: testing the mediational role of appraisals in the cognitive-contextual framework. , 2000, Child development.

[166]  L J Proctor,et al.  Community violence exposure and children's social adjustment in the school peer group: the mediating roles of emotion regulation and social cognition. , 2000, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[167]  Patrick T. Davies,et al.  Interparental Conflict and Child Development: Does Gender Moderate the Effects of Marital Conflict on Children? , 2001 .

[168]  C. Bartell,et al.  The Child in Latin America: Health, Development, and Rights , 2001 .

[169]  M. El-Sheikh.  Parental drinking problems and children's adjustment: vagal regulation and emotional reactivity as pathways and moderators of risk. , 2001, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[170]  Marcie C. Goeke-Morey,et al.  Interparental Conflict and Child Development: The Study of Relations between Marital Conflict and Child Adjustment: Challenges and New Directions for Methodology , 2001 .

[171]  A. Langrock,et al.  The Role of Emotion and Emotional Regulation in Children's Responses to Interparental Conflict , 2001 .

[172]  C. Buchanan,et al.  Interparental Conflict and Child Development: When Conflict Continues after the Marriage Ends: Effects of Postdivorce Conflict on Children , 2001 .

[173]  R. Guerrero.  The Epidemic of Youth Violence in the Americas:: A Public Health Approach , 2001 .

[174]  G. Margolin,et al.  Conceptual issues in understanding the relation between interparental conflict and child adjustment: Integrating developmental psychopathology and risk/resilience perspectives. , 2001 .

[175]  M. El-Sheikh,et al.  Exposure to interparental conflict and children's adjustment and physical health: the moderating role of vagal tone. , 2001, Child development.

[176]  J. Grych,et al.  Understanding the impact of interparental conflict on children: The role of social cognitive processes. , 2001 .

[177]  P. Kerig.  Interparental Conflict and Child Development: Children's Coping with Interparental Conflict , 2001 .

[178]  F. Fincham,et al.  Interparental Conflict and Child Development: Advancing Understanding of the Association between Interparental Conflict and Child Development , 2001 .

[179]  L. F. Katz.  Interparental Conflict and Child Development: Physiological Processes as Mediators of the Impact of Marital Conflict on Children , 2001 .

[180]  V. Mcloyd,et al.  Interparental Conflict and Child Development: Ethnic Minority Status, Interparental Conflict, and Child Adjustment , 2001 .

[181]  S. Simpkins,et al.  Managing marital conflict: Links with children's peer relationships. , 2001 .

[182]  Ernest J. Bartell.  Opportunities and Challenges for the Well-Being of Children in the Development of Latin America:: An Overview , 2001 .

[183]  J. Dunn,et al.  Interparental Conflict and Child Development: Sibling Relationships and Interparental Conflict , 2001 .

[184]  F. Fincham,et al.  Interparental Conflict and Child Development: Interparental Conflict and Child Adjustment: An Overview , 2001 .

[185]  Patrick T. Davies,et al.  Interparental discord and adolescent adjustment trajectories: the potentiating and protective role of intrapersonal attributes. , 2001, Child development.

[186]  J. Yunes,et al.  Homicide Mortality in Adolescents and Young People:: A Challenge for the Region of the Americas , 2001 .

[187]  M. El-Sheikh,et al.  Appraisals of marital conflict and children's adjustment, health, and physiological reactivity. , 2001, Developmental psychology.

[188]  B. Peters,et al.  Domestic violence and child adjustment. , 2001 .

[189]  C. Buchanan,et al.  The impact of interparental conflict on adolescent children: Considerations of family systems and family structure. , 2001 .

[190]  M. Cox,et al.  Interparental Conflict and Child Development: Interparental Conflict and Parent–Child Relationships , 2001 .

[191]  Marital Conflict, Parenting Styles, and Children's Representations of Family Relationships , 2001 .

[192]  E. M. Cummings,et al.  A Family-Wide Model for the Role of Emotion in Family Functioning , 2002 .

[193]  Patrick T. Davies,et al.  Children's patterns of preserving emotional security in the interparental subsystem. , 2002, Child development.

[194]  Lauren M. Papp,et al.  Children's responses to mothers' and fathers' emotionality and tactics in marital conflict in the home. , 2002, Journal of family psychology : JFP : journal of the Division of Family Psychology of the American Psychological Association.

[195]  E. Jouriles,et al.  Variability in Adjustment of Children of Battered Women: The Role of Child Appraisals of Interparent Conflict , 2000, Cognitive Therapy and Research.

[196]  M. O'Brien,et al.  Child Exposure to Marital Conflict and Child Coping Responses as Predictors of Child Adjustment , 1997, Cognitive Therapy and Research.