Kommission für Krankenhaushygiene und Infektionsprävention (KRINKO) beim Robert Koch Institut

§ 23 Abs. 1 Satz 3 Infektionsschutzgesetz (IfSG) verpflichtet die Kommission für Krankenhaushygiene und Infektionsprävention (KRINKO), ihre Empfehlungen aufgrund neuer infektionsepidemiologischer Erkenntnisse stetig weiterzuentwickeln. Außerdem wurden die Kategorien, mit denen die Evidenz einer Empfehlung beschrieben wird, im Jahr 2010 neu gefasst [1]. Beide Regularien waren ein wichtiger Anlass, die bisherige Empfehlung zur Prävention Katheter-assoziierter Harnwegsinfektionen zu überarbeiten und insgesamt neu zu fassen. Empfehlungen aus der Veröffentlichung aus dem Jahr 1999, die sich in der täglichen Praxis bewährt haben und den Stand von Wissenschaft und Technik wiedergeben, wurden unverändert übernommen [2]. Häufige Anfragen betrafen: 1. Wie oft muss der Auffangbeutel eines Harnableitungssystems gewechselt werden? 2. Was sind geeignete Mittel zur Desinfektion des Auslasses bei Entleerung des Auffangbeutels, bzw. Wechsel des Auffangbeutels?

[1]  S. Saint,et al.  Biofilms and catheter-associated urinary tract infections. , 2003, Infectious disease clinics of North America.

[2]  D. Gouma,et al.  The Effect of Suprapubic Catheterization versus Transurethral Catheterization after Abdominal Surgery on Urinary Tract Infection: A Randomized Controlled Trial , 2003, Digestive Surgery.

[3]  E. Athlin,et al.  Intermittent versus indwelling catheters for older patients with hip fractures. , 2002, Journal of clinical nursing.

[4]  C. Chenoweth,et al.  Recognition and prevention of healthcare-associated urinary tract infections in the intensive care unit , 2010, Critical care medicine.

[5]  P. Brühl,et al.  Katheterdrainage der Harnblase , 1999 .

[6]  Claude D Martin,et al.  Risk factors of nosocomial catheter-associated urinary tract infection in a polyvalent intensive care unit , 2003, Intensive Care Medicine.

[7]  S. Scheithauer,et al.  Die katheterassoziierte Harnwegsinfektion – was gibt es Neues? , 2013, Krankenhaushygiene up2date.

[8]  Robert Langer,et al.  Combinatorial discovery of polymers resistant to bacterial attachment , 2012, Nature Biotechnology.

[9]  G. Durmaz,et al.  The role of meatal disinfection in preventing catheter-related bacteriuria in an intensive care unit: a pilot study in Turkey. , 2004, The Journal of hospital infection.

[10]  S. Saint,et al.  Strategies to Prevent Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections in Acute Care Hospitals , 2008, Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology.

[11]  M. Abu-Hilal,et al.  A meta‐analysis comparing suprapubic and transurethral catheterization for bladder drainage after abdominal surgery , 2006, The British journal of surgery.

[12]  S. Saint,et al.  Risk factors for nosocomial urinary tract-related bacteremia: a case-control study. , 2006, American journal of infection control.

[13]  R. Darouiche,et al.  Prevention and Treatment of Urinary Catheter-Associated Infections , 2013, Current Infectious Disease Reports.

[14]  V. Thamlikitkul,et al.  Incidence of urinary tract infections in patients with short-term indwelling urethral catheters: a comparison between a 3-day urinary drainage bag change and no change regimens. , 2003, American journal of infection control.

[15]  P. Merguerian,et al.  Intraoperative anaphylactic reaction due to latex hypersensitivity. , 1991, Urology.

[16]  B. Kanna,et al.  Study of device use adjusted rates in health care-associated infections after implementation of "bundles" in a closed-model medical intensive care unit. , 2010, Journal of critical care.

[17]  S. Saint,et al.  Diagnosis, management, and prevention of catheter-associated urinary tract infections. , 2014, Infectious disease clinics of North America.

[18]  J. Burke,et al.  Nosocomial Bacteriuria: Estimating the Potential for Prevention by Closed Sterile Urinary Drainage , 1986, Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology.

[19]  K. Hunter,et al.  A review of strategies to decrease the duration of indwelling urethral catheters and potentially reduce the incidence of catheter-associated urinary tract infections. , 2012, Urologic nursing.

[20]  P. Reagan-Cirincione,et al.  A Decade of Prevalence Surveys in a Tertiary-Care Center: Trends in Nosocomial Infection Rates, Device Utilization, and Patient Acuity , 1999, Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology.

[21]  S. Saint,et al.  Preventing catheter-associated urinary tract infections in the intensive care unit. , 2013, Critical care clinics.

[22]  Ann Langius-Eklöf,et al.  Intermittent versus indwelling urinary catheterisation in hip surgery patients: a randomised controlled trial with cost-effectiveness analysis. , 2013, International journal of nursing studies.

[23]  R. Consunji,et al.  Impact of an International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium multidimensional approach on catheter-associated urinary tract infections in adult intensive care units in the Philippines: International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) findings. , 2013, Journal of infection and public health.

[24]  Krinko.  Anforderungen der Krankenhaushygiene und des Arbeitsschutzes an die Hygienebekleidung und persönliche Schutzausrüstung , 2007 .

[25]  P. Ekelund,et al.  Catheter-free geriatric care. Routines and consequences for clinical infection, care and economy. , 1984, The Journal of hospital infection.

[26]  V. Rosenthal,et al.  Impact of a multidimensional infection control approach on catheter-associated urinary tract infection rates in an adult intensive care unit in Lebanon: International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) findings. , 2013, International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases.

[27]  A. Grant,et al.  Types of urethral catheter for reducing symptomatic urinary tract infections in hospitalised adults requiring short-term catheterisation: multicentre randomised controlled trial and economic evaluation of antimicrobial- and antiseptic-impregnated urethral catheters (the CATHETER trial). , 2012, Health technology assessment.

[28]  K. Naber,et al.  Incidence of nosocomial urinary tract infections on a surgical intensive care unit and implications for management. , 2006, International journal of antimicrobial agents.

[29]  T. Ahlering,et al.  Retrospective analysis of urologic complications in male patients with spinal cord injury managed with and without indwelling urinary catheters. , 1997, Urology.

[30]  Sanjay Saint,et al.  A reminder reduces urinary catheterization in hospitalized patients. , 2005, Joint Commission journal on quality and patient safety.

[31]  B. S. Niël-Weise,et al.  Urinary catheter policies for long-term bladder drainage. , 2005, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[32]  V. Rosenthal,et al.  Findings of the International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC), Part I: Effectiveness of a Multidimensional Infection Control Approach on Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection Rates in Pediatric Intensive Care Units of 6 Developing Countries , 2012, Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology.

[33]  J. Wille,et al.  Incidence and risk factors of device-associated infections and associated mortality at the intensive care in the Dutch surveillance system , 2007, Intensive Care Medicine.

[34]  E. Larson,et al.  Guidelines to prevent catheter-associated urinary tract infection: 1980 to 2010. , 2012, Heart & lung : the journal of critical care.

[35]  R. Mouton,et al.  BLADDER IRRIGATION WITH POVIDONE-IODINE IN PREVENTION OF URINARY-TRACT INFECTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH INTERMITTENT URETHRAL CATHETERISATION , 1985, The Lancet.

[36]  D M Berwick,et al.  Decline in ICU adverse events, nosocomial infections and cost through a quality improvement initiative focusing on teamwork and culture change , 2006, Quality and Safety in Health Care.

[37]  P. Gastmeier,et al.  Benchmarking of urinary tract infection rates: experiences from the intensive care unit component of the German national nosocomial infections surveillance system. , 2011, The Journal of hospital infection.

[38]  J. Webster,et al.  Water or antiseptic for periurethral cleaning before urinary catheterization: a randomized controlled trial. , 2001, American journal of infection control.

[39]  M. White,et al.  Urinary catheter-related infections among home care patients. , 1995, Journal of wound, ostomy, and continence nursing : official publication of The Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nurses Society.

[40]  Sanjay Saint,et al.  Diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of catheter-associated urinary tract infection in adults: 2009 International Clinical Practice Guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Society of America. , 2010, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[41]  S. Saint,et al.  Reducing unnecessary urinary catheter use and other strategies to prevent catheter-associated urinary tract infection: an integrative review , 2013, BMJ quality & safety.

[42]  T. Matsumoto,et al.  Prevention of catheter-associated urinary tract infection by meatal disinfection. , 1997, Dermatology.

[43]  S. Saint,et al.  Barriers to reducing urinary catheter use: a qualitative assessment of a statewide initiative. , 2013, JAMA internal medicine.

[44]  S. Phipps,et al.  Short term urinary catheter policies following urogenital surgery in adults. , 2006, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[45]  S. Walsh,et al.  Suprapubic Compared With Transurethral Bladder Catheterization for Gynecologic Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis , 2012, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[46]  A. Zeggwagh,et al.  Impact of a multidimensional infection control strategy on catheter-associated urinary tract infection rates in the adult intensive care units of 15 developing countries: findings of the International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) , 2012, Infection.

[47]  R. Chaitow.  Guideline for prevention of catheter-associated urinary tract infections. , 1981, Infection control : IC.

[48]  S. Pramodhini,et al.  The Isolation and the Biofilm Formation of Uropathogens in the Patients with Catheter Associated Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs). , 2012, Journal of clinical and diagnostic research : JCDR.

[49]  Jennifer M Wu,et al.  A randomized controlled trial of clean intermittent self-catheterization versus suprapubic catheterization after urogynecologic surgery. , 2007, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[50]  A. Grant,et al.  Antimicrobial catheters for reduction of symptomatic urinary tract infection in adults requiring short-term catheterisation in hospital: a multicentre randomised controlled trial , 2012, The Lancet.

[51]  Chien-Wei Hsu,et al.  Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections in Intensive Care Units Can Be Reduced by Prompting Physicians to Remove Unnecessary Catheters , 2004, Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology.

[52]  G. Capellier,et al.  Risk Factors for Catheter-Associated Bacteriuria in a Medical Intensive Care Unit , 2001, European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.

[53]  J. Mocco,et al.  Reduction of catheter-associated urinary tract infections among patients in a neurological intensive care unit: a single institution's success. , 2012, Journal of neurosurgery.

[54]  H. Schiøtz,et al.  Value of urinary prophylaxis with methenamine in gynecologic surgery , 2002, Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica.

[55]  Kirk A Easley,et al.  Reduction in catheter-associated urinary tract infections by bundling interventions. , 2013, International journal for quality in health care : journal of the International Society for Quality in Health Care.

[56]  S. Saint,et al.  Translating health care-associated urinary tract infection prevention research into practice via the bladder bundle. , 2009, Joint Commission journal on quality and patient safety.

[57]  M. Wilde,et al.  Preventing Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections in Acute Care: The Bundle Approach , 2012, Journal of nursing care quality.

[58]  E. Lukacz,et al.  A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled comparison of the effect of nitrofurantoin monohydrate macrocrystals on the development of urinary tract infections after surgery for pelvic organ prolapse and/or stress urinary incontinence with suprapubic catheterization. , 2004, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[59]  M. Picot,et al.  Impact of an Infection Control Program in an Intensive Care Unit in France , 2006, Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology.

[60]  N. Jaggi,et al.  Multimodal supervision programme to reduce catheter associated urinary tract infections and its analysis to enable focus on labour and cost effective infection control measures in a tertiary care hospital in India. , 2012, Journal of clinical and diagnostic research : JCDR.

[61]  Carlene A. Muto,et al.  A randomized crossover study of silver-coated urinary catheters in hospitalized patients. , 2000, Archives of internal medicine.

[62]  T. Wilt,et al.  Systematic Review: Antimicrobial Urinary Catheters To Prevent Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection in Hospitalized Patients , 2006, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[63]  G. Langer,et al.  Types of indwelling urinary catheters for long-term bladder drainage in adults. , 2012, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[64]  J. Marshall,et al.  Relationship of catheter-associated urinary tract infection to mortality and length of stay in critically ill patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies , 2011, Critical care medicine.

[65]  Ş. Esen,et al.  Impact of a multidimensional infection control approach on catheter-associated urinary tract infection rates in adult intensive care units in 10 cities of Turkey: International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium findings (INICC). , 2013, American journal of infection control.

[66]  T. Rebmann,et al.  Preventing catheter-associated urinary tract infections: An executive summary of the Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc, Elimination Guide. , 2010, American journal of infection control.

[67]  B. van Benthem,et al.  Appropriate use of indwelling urethra catheters in hospitalized patients: results of a multicentre prevalence study , 2012, BMC Urology.

[68]  K. Allen,et al.  The association between indwelling urinary catheter use in the elderly and urinary tract infection in acute care , 2006, BMC geriatrics.

[69]  T. M. Sutton,et al.  Single-blind, randomised, parallel group study of the Bard Biocath catheter and a silicone elastomer coated catheter. , 1991, British journal of urology.

[70]  L. Nicolle.  Urinary catheter-associated infections. , 2012, Infectious disease clinics of North America.

[71]  S. Bagshaw,et al.  Epidemiology of intensive care unit-acquired urinary tract infections , 2006, Current opinion in infectious diseases.

[72]  M. Wilcox,et al.  epic3: National Evidence-Based Guidelines for Preventing Healthcare-Associated Infections in NHS Hospitals in England , 2007, Journal of Hospital Infection.

[73]  C. Umscheid,et al.  Estimating the Proportion of Healthcare-Associated Infections That Are Reasonably Preventable and the Related Mortality and Costs , 2011, Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology.

[74]  M. Kuskowski,et al.  Reduction of inappropriate urinary catheter use at a Veterans Affairs hospital through a multifaceted quality improvement project. , 2011, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[75]  L. Drago,et al.  A Pilot Study on Prevention of Catheter-Related Urinary Tract Infections with Fluoroquinolones , 2006, Journal of chemotherapy.

[76]  A. Marra,et al.  Preventing catheter-associated urinary tract infection in the zero-tolerance era. , 2011, American journal of infection control.

[77]  Edward H. Kennedy,et al.  Reducing inappropriate urinary catheter use: a statewide effort. , 2012, Archives of internal medicine.

[78]  R. Griffiths,et al.  Strategies for the removal of short-term indwelling urethral catheters in adults. , 2007, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[79]  B. Eithun,et al.  Reducing Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections: A Quality-Improvement Initiative , 2014, Pediatrics.

[80]  S. Saint,et al.  Strategies to Prevent Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections in Acute Care Hospitals: 2014 Update , 2014, Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology.

[81]  P. Gastmeier,et al.  Nosocomial infection and antibiotic use: a second national prevalence study in Germany. , 2013, Deutsches Arzteblatt international.

[82]  T. Balcezak,et al.  Prevention of Nosocomial Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections Through Computerized Feedback to Physicians and a Nurse-Directed Protocol , 2005, American journal of medical quality : the official journal of the American College of Medical Quality.

[83]  K. Covinsky,et al.  The Relationship of Indwelling Urinary Catheters to Death, Length of Hospital Stay, Functional Decline, and Nursing Home Admission in Hospitalized Older Medical Patients , 2007, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[84]  MaryBeth Flynn Makic,et al.  Nurse-directed interventions to reduce catheter-associated urinary tract infections. , 2012, American journal of infection control.

[85]  Ana Esclarín De Ruz,et al.  EPIDEMIOLOGY AND RISK FACTORS FOR URINARY TRACT INFECTION IN PATIENTS WITH SPINAL CORD INJURY , 2000 .

[86]  C. Geffers,et al.  Nosokomiale Infektionen in Deutschland: Wie viele gibt es wirklich? , 2008 .

[87]  V. Rosenthal,et al.  Effect of Education and Performance Feedback on Rates of Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection in Intensive Care Units in Argentina , 2004, Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology.

[88]  E. Capezuti,et al.  Indwelling urinary catheter management and catheter-associated urinary tract infection prevention practices in Nurses Improving Care for Healthsystem Elders hospitals. , 2012, American journal of infection control.

[89]  P. Tambyah,et al.  [European and Asian guidelines on management and prevention of catheter-associated urinary tract infections]. , 2008, Urologiia.

[90]  Mark E. Shirtliff,et al.  Proteus mirabilis biofilms and catheter-associated urinary tract infections , 2011, Virulence.

[91]  H. Sax,et al.  Reduction of urinary tract infection and antibiotic use after surgery: a controlled, prospective, before-after intervention study. , 2006, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[92]  B. Trautner.  Management of catheter-associated urinary tract infection , 2010, Current opinion in infectious diseases.

[93]  W. Schmitz,et al.  Experimentelle Untersuchungen zur Inkrustationsneigung und Drainagekapazität von Silikon- und silikonierten Latexkathetern , 1994 .

[94]  Denise Fochesto,et al.  Reducing Foley Catheter Device Days in an Intensive Care Unit: Using the Evidence to Change Practice , 2006, AACN advanced critical care.

[95]  P. Tambyah,et al.  Catheter-associated urinary tract infection , 2012, Current opinion in infectious diseases.