Non-orthogonal modes in passive photonic crystals

There has been significant interest in the non-orthogonal modes in resonator systems in the context of the excess noise factor in laser cavities. Conventional non-orthogonal modes are created by the gain of the laser cavity during a round trip since gain makes the propagation of light non-unitary. Here, we theoretically demonstrate that these non-orthogonal modes can also be generated in passive photonic crystal systems. We further show that it can have a broader implication in optical resonator systems. In particular, we probe the characteristics of non-orthogonal modes in a resonator system by looking at the transport properties.

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