Characteristics of lime produced from limestone containing diatoms

Abstract In this study lime binder used in stone and brick masonry mortars of some historic Ottoman baths was examined to understand whether the binders were hydraulic or not. For this purpose the mineralogical and elemental compositions and the microstructure of lime binder were determined by XRD, SEM–EDS and TGA analyses. The results indicate that the lime used in the brick dome mortars of Ottoman baths was hydraulic. Taking into account the kiln and fuel conditions of the 15th century, the possibility of obtaining hydraulic lime at relatively low temperature was examined. For this purpose limestone containing diatoms was heated at a relatively low temperature (850 °C), then slaked and carbonated. After heating and slaking, calcium silicate giving hydraulicity to the lime was indicated by XRD and SEM–EDS analyses. These results show that the production of hydraulic lime at a relatively low calcination temperature (850 °C) was possible with 15th century kilns.

[1]  Eleni Aggelakopoulou,et al.  The effects of limestone characteristics and calcination temperature to the reactivity of the quicklime , 2001 .

[2]  Antonia Moropoulou,et al.  Thermoanalytical research on traditional mortars in venice , 1995 .

[3]  Ahmet Güle ç,et al.  Studies of Old Mortars and Plasters from the Roman, Byzantine, and Ottoman Period of Anatolia , 1996 .

[4]  Antonia Moropoulou,et al.  Hot lime technology imparting high strength to historic mortars , 1996 .

[5]  Jan Elsen,et al.  Nineteenth century hydraulic restoration mortars in the Saint Michael's Church (Leuven, Belgium): Natural hydraulic lime or cement? , 2001 .

[6]  Ilter Büyükdigan,et al.  A critical look at the new functions of Ottoman baths , 2003 .

[7]  Paul F. McMillan,et al.  Structure of Calcium Silicate Hydrate (C‐S‐H): Near‐, Mid‐, and Far‐Infrared Spectroscopy , 2004 .

[8]  R. A. Livingston,et al.  Materials analysis of the masonry of the Hagia Sophia Basilica, Istanbul , 1970 .

[9]  M. Waelkens,et al.  Study of ancient mortars from Sagalassos (Turkey) in view of their conservation , 2002 .

[10]  M. Luxán,et al.  Ancient XVI century mortar from the Dominican Republic: Its characteristics, microstructure and additives , 1996 .

[11]  J. A. Gadsden.  Infrared Spectra of Minerals and Related Inorganic Compounds , 1975 .

[12]  L. Toniolo,et al.  WHITE LUMPS IN FIFTH- TO SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY AD MORTARS FROM NORTHERN ITALY , 1997 .

[13]  A. Moropoulou,et al.  Characterization of the lumps in the mortars of historic masonry , 1995 .

[14]  Egemen Teomete.  Finite element modeling of historical masonry structures; case study: Urla Kamanli Mosque , 2004 .

[15]  Antonia Moropoulou,et al.  Physico-chemical adhesion and cohesion bonds in joint mortars imparting durability to the historic structures , 2000 .

[16]  F. Lea.  The chemistry of cement and concrete , 1970 .

[17]  Zlatko Korunić,et al.  Diatomaceous earths, a group of natural insecticides , 1998 .

[18]  Kader Reyhan.  Construction techniques and materials of the Ottoman period baths in Seferihisar-Urla Region , 2004 .

[19]  Antonia Moropoulou,et al.  Investigation of the technology of historic mortars , 2000 .

[20]  R. A. Livingston,et al.  Conservation of Historic Brick Structures , 2000 .

[21]  Henry J. Cowan,et al.  The master builders : a history of structural and environmental design from ancient Egypt to the nineteenth century , 1978 .

[22]  T. De Caro,et al.  Thermal and microchemical investigation of Phoenician–Punic mortars used for lining cisterns at Tharros (western Sardinia, Italy) , 2004 .

[23]  M. Lezzerini,et al.  On the binder of some ancient mortars , 1999 .