Biological cellular response to carbon nanoparticle toxicity

Recent advances in nanotechnology have increased the development and production of many new nanomaterials with unique characteristics for industrial and biomedical uses. The size of these new nanoparticles (<100?nm) with their high surface area and unusual surface chemistry and reactivity poses unique problems for biological cells and the environment. This paper reviews the current research on the reactivity and interactions of carbon nanoparticles with biological cells in vivo and in vitro, with ultrastructural images demonstrating evidence of human cell cytotoxicity to carbon nanoparticles characteristic of lipid membrane peroxidation, gene down regulation of adhesive proteins, and increased cell death (necrosis, apoptosis), as well as images of nontoxic carbon nanoparticle interactions with human cells. Although it is imperative that nanomaterials be systematically tested for their biocompatibility and safety for industrial and biomedical use, there are now ways to develop and redesign these materials to be less cytotoxic, and even benign to cell systems. With this new opportunity to utilize the unique properties of nanoparticles for research, industry and medicine, there is a responsibility to test and optimize these new nanomaterials early during the development process, to eliminate or ameliorate identified toxic characteristics.

[1]  T. Webb,et al.  Comparative pulmonary toxicity assessment of single-wall carbon nanotubes in rats. , 2003, Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology.

[2]  Günter Oberdörster,et al.  TOXICOKINETICS AND EFFECTS OF FIBROUS AND NONFIBROUS PARTICLES , 2002, Inhalation toxicology.

[3]  R. Nemanich,et al.  Multi-walled carbon nanotube interactions with human epidermal keratinocytes. , 2005, Toxicology letters.

[4]  Huajian Gao,et al.  Effect of single wall carbon nanotubes on human HEK293 cells. , 2005, Toxicology letters.

[5]  Jenny R. Roberts,et al.  Skin as a route of exposure and sensitization in chronic beryllium disease. , 2003, Environmental health perspectives.

[6]  P. Baron,et al.  Exposure to Carbon Nanotube Material: Assessment of Nanotube Cytotoxicity using Human Keratinocyte Cells , 2003, Journal of toxicology and environmental health. Part A.

[7]  T. Xia,et al.  Toxic Potential of Materials at the Nanolevel , 2006, Science.

[8]  R. Baggs,et al.  Regression of Pulmonary Lesions Produced by Inhaled Titanium Dioxide in Rats , 1997, Veterinary pathology.

[9]  J. West,et al.  The Differential Cytotoxicity of Water-Soluble Fullerenes , 2004 .

[10]  J. West,et al.  Nano-C60 cytotoxicity is due to lipid peroxidation. , 2005, Biomaterials.

[11]  R. Wepf,et al.  The Human Stratum corneum Layer: An Effective Barrier against Dermal Uptake of Different Forms of Topically Applied Micronised Titanium Dioxide , 2001, Skin Pharmacology and Physiology.

[12]  Nigel J Walker,et al.  Research strategies for safety evaluation of nanomaterials, part II: toxicological and safety evaluation of nanomaterials, current challenges and data needs. , 2005, Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology.

[13]  E. Oberdörster.  Manufactured Nanomaterials (Fullerenes, C60) Induce Oxidative Stress in the Brain of Juvenile Largemouth Bass , 2004, Environmental health perspectives.

[14]  V. Colvin.  The potential environmental impact of engineered nanomaterials , 2003, Nature Biotechnology.

[15]  N. Bottini,et al.  Multi-walled carbon nanotubes induce T lymphocyte apoptosis. , 2006, Toxicology letters.

[16]  P. Baron,et al.  Unusual inflammatory and fibrogenic pulmonary responses to single-walled carbon nanotubes in mice. , 2005, American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology.

[17]  Amane Shiohara,et al.  On the Cyto‐Toxicity Caused by Quantum Dots , 2004, Microbiology and immunology.

[18]  François Huaux,et al.  Respiratory toxicity of carbon nanotubes: How worried should we be? , 2006 .

[19]  P. Hoet,et al.  Nanoparticles – known and unknown health risks , 2004, Journal of nanobiotechnology.

[20]  K. Donaldson,et al.  Inhalation of poorly soluble particles. II. Influence Of particle surface area on inflammation and clearance. , 2000, Inhalation toxicology.

[21]  W. Kreyling,et al.  Translocation of Inhaled Ultrafine Particles to the Brain , 2004, Inhalation toxicology.

[22]  Stanislaus S. Wong,et al.  Blocking gC1q-Receptor Protein Alters L. monocytogenes Invasion in Caco-2 Cells , 2004, Microscopy and Microanalysis.

[23]  M. Prato,et al.  Medicinal chemistry with fullerenes and fullerene derivatives , 1999 .

[24]  K. Donaldson,et al.  INFLAMMATION CAUSED BY PARTICLES AND FIBERS , 2002, Inhalation toxicology.

[25]  J. James,et al.  Pulmonary toxicity of single-wall carbon nanotubes in mice 7 and 90 days after intratracheal instillation. , 2003, Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology.

[26]  Julie W. Fitzpatrick,et al.  Principles for characterizing the potential human health effects from exposure to nanomaterials: elements of a screening strategy , 2005, Particle and Fibre Toxicology.

[27]  Gerhard Mueller,et al.  Penetration of Titanium Dioxide Microparticles in a Sunscreen Formulation into the Horny Layer and the Follicular Orifice , 1999, Skin Pharmacology and Physiology.

[28]  Karluss Thomas,et al.  Research strategies for safety evaluation of nanomaterials, Part I: evaluating the human health implications of exposure to nanoscale materials. , 2005, Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology.

[29]  Hassan S. Bazzi,et al.  Differences in subcellular distribution and toxicity of green and red emitting CdTe quantum dots , 2005, Journal of Molecular Medicine.

[30]  P. Baron,et al.  Exposure to Carbon Nanotube Material: Aerosol Release During the Handling of Unrefined Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Material , 2004, Journal of toxicology and environmental health. Part A.

[31]  J. Everitt,et al.  Pulmonary responses of mice, rats, and hamsters to subchronic inhalation of ultrafine titanium dioxide particles. , 2004, Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology.

[32]  S. Manna,et al.  Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Induces Oxidative Stress and Activates Nuclear Transcription Factor-κB in Human Keratinocytes , 2005 .

[33]  T. Yagami,et al.  Acridine Adduct of [60]Fullerene with Enhanced DNA-Cleaving Activity. , 1996, The Journal of organic chemistry.

[34]  Benoit Nemery,et al.  Health impact of nanomaterials? , 2004, Nature Biotechnology.

[35]  H. Dai,et al.  Nanotube molecular transporters: internalization of carbon nanotube-protein conjugates into Mammalian cells. , 2004, Journal of the American Chemical Society.