Scientific rationale for Uranus and Neptune in situ explorations

[1]  J. Berthelier,et al.  Evidence for depletion of heavy silicon isotopes at comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko , 2017, 1705.02896.

[2]  R. Wiens,et al.  A 15N-Poor Isotopic Composition for the Solar System As Shown by Genesis Solar Wind Samples , 2011, Science.

[3]  Cyril Szopa,et al.  Prototype of the gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer to investigate volatile species in the lunar soil for the Luna-Resurs mission , 2014 .

[4]  K. Tsiganis,et al.  Origin of the orbital architecture of the giant planets of the Solar System , 2005, Nature.

[5]  F. Billebaud,et al.  Key reactions in the photochemistry of hydrocarbons in Neptune's stratosphere , 2010 .

[6]  L. Sromovsky.  Accurate and approximate calculations of Raman scattering in the atmosphere of Neptune , 2015, 1504.02726.

[7]  T. Encrenaz,et al.  ISO observations of Uranus: The stratospheric distribution of C2H2 and the eddy diffusion coefficient , 1998 .

[8]  B. Fegley,et al.  The Origin of Carbon Monoxide in Neptune's Atmosphere , 1993 .

[9]  Michiel Lambrechts,et al.  Rapid growth of gas-giant cores by pebble accretion , 2012, 1205.3030.

[10]  G. Orton,et al.  The abundance profile of CO in Neptune's atmosphere , 2007 .

[11]  Ricardo Hueso,et al.  The composition of Jupiter: sign of a (relatively) late formation in a chemically evolved protosolar disc , 2006 .

[12]  A. Poppe,et al.  Dust Ablation on the Giant Planets: Consequences for Stratospheric Photochemistry. , 2017, Icarus.

[13]  G. Orton,et al.  The D/H ratio in the atmospheres of Uranus and Neptune from Herschel-PACS observations , 2013, 1301.5781.

[14]  Giuseppe Piccioni,et al.  The comparative exploration of the ice giant planets with twin spacecraft: Unveiling the history of our Solar System , 2014 .

[15]  M. Toyoda,et al.  Development of a Miniaturized Multi-Turn Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer with a Pulsed Fast Atom Bombardment Ion Source , 2014, European journal of mass spectrometry.

[16]  T. Quinn,et al.  Formation of Giant Planets by Fragmentation of Protoplanetary Disks , 2002, Science.

[17]  A. Sánchez-Lavega,et al.  An Introduction to Planetary Atmospheres , 2010 .

[18]  T. Encrenaz,et al.  The first submillimeter observation of CO in the stratosphere of Uranus , 2013, 1311.2458.

[19]  G. F. Lindal,et al.  The atmosphere of Neptune: Results of radio occultation measurements with the Voyager 2 spacecraft , 1990 .

[20]  P. Mahaffy,et al.  Determining the Local Abundance of Martian Methane and its 13-C/l2-C and D/H Isotopic Ratios for Comparison with Related Gas and Soil Analysis on the 2011 Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Mission , 2011 .

[21]  P. Bodenheimer,et al.  Planetesimal dissolution in the envelopes of the forming, giant planets , 1986 .

[22]  S. Chow,et al.  Basic Design Considerations , 2005, Sample Sizes for Clinical, Laboratory and Epidemiology Studies.

[23]  T. Encrenaz,et al.  Neptune's atmospheric composition from AKARI infrared spectroscopy , 2010, 1003.5571.

[24]  J. Campbell,et al.  Voyager 2 Radio Science Observations of the Uranian System: Atmosphere, Rings, and Satellites , 1986, Science.

[25]  T. Guillot,et al.  In Situ Probe Science at Saturn , 2014 .

[26]  E. Lellouch,et al.  Search for PH3 in the Atmospheres of Uranus and Neptune at Millimeter Wavelength , 2009 .

[27]  Christoph Baranec,et al.  Record-breaking storm activity on Uranus in 2014 , 2015, 1501.01309.

[28]  William B. Hubbard,et al.  Atmospheric confinement of jet streams on Uranus and Neptune , 2013, Nature.

[29]  Ravit Helled,et al.  INTERIOR MODELS OF URANUS AND NEPTUNE , 2010, 1010.5546.

[30]  D. Hunten,et al.  The Jupiter helium interferometer experiment on the Galileo Entry Probe , 1992 .

[31]  Supriya Chakrabarti,et al.  Uranus Pathfinder: exploring the origins and evolution of Ice Giant planets , 2012 .

[32]  Hans Grimm,et al.  Aerosol Measurement: The Use of Optical Light Scattering for the Determination of Particulate Size Distribution, and Particulate Mass, Including the Semi-Volatile Fraction , 2009, Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association.

[33]  H. Hammel,et al.  Clouds and aerosols on Uranus: Radiative transfer modeling of spatially-resolved near-infrared Keck spectra , 2015 .

[34]  F. M. Flasar,et al.  Thermal structure and dynamics of Neptune's atmosphere from Voyager measurements , 1991 .

[35]  I. Pater,et al.  Spatially-resolved millimeter-wavelength maps of Neptune , 2013, 1306.2654.

[36]  B. Fegley,et al.  Chemical Constraints on the Water and Total Oxygen Abundances in the Deep Atmosphere of Saturn , 2004, astro-ph/0501128.

[37]  A. Makarov,et al.  The Orbitrap: a new mass spectrometer. , 2005, Journal of mass spectrometry : JMS.

[38]  D. Strobel,et al.  Phosphine photochemistry in the atmosphere of Saturn , 1984 .

[39]  Jean-Baptiste Renard,et al.  Light scattering by dust particles in microgravity: polarization and brightness imaging with the new version of the PROGRA2 instrument. , 2002, Applied optics.

[40]  D. Hunten,et al.  The abundances of constituents of Titan's atmosphere from the GCMS instrument on the Huygens probe , 2005, Nature.

[41]  P. Bodenheimer,et al.  THE FORMATION OF URANUS AND NEPTUNE: CHALLENGES AND IMPLICATIONS FOR INTERMEDIATE-MASS EXOPLANETS , 2014, 1404.5018.

[42]  D. Hunten,et al.  The Galileo Probe Mass Spectrometer: Composition of Jupiter's Atmosphere , 1996, Science.

[43]  E. Karkoschka.  Clouds of high contrast on Uranus. , 1998, Science.

[44]  T. Guillot,et al.  Scientific rationale for Saturn's in situ exploration , 2014, 1404.4811.

[45]  M. Allen,et al.  Hydrocarbon nucleation and aerosol formation in Neptune's atmosphere. , 1992, Icarus.

[46]  D. Hunten,et al.  11. Pioneer venus experiment descriptions , 1977 .

[47]  Yih-Kanq Chen,et al.  Arcjet Tests and Thermal Response Analysis for Dual-Layer Woven Carbon Phenolic , 2018 .

[48]  Paul R. Mahaffy,et al.  Noble gas abundance and isotope ratios in the atmosphere of Jupiter from the Galileo Probe Mass Spectrometer , 2000 .

[49]  T. Encrenaz,et al.  A comparison of the atmospheres of Jupiter and Saturn: deep atmospheric composition, cloud structure, vertical mixing, and origin. , 1999, Planetary and space science.

[50]  J. Pollack,et al.  An Analysis of Neptune ' s Stratospheric Haze Using High-Phase-Angle Voyager Images , 2022 .

[51]  G. Orton,et al.  New constraints on the CH4 vertical profile in Uranus and Neptune from Herschel observations , 2015 .

[52]  H. Hammel,et al.  Methane depletion in both polar regions of Uranus inferred from HST/STIS and Keck/NIRC2 observations , 2014, 1502.06480.

[53]  Ralph E. Hassig,et al.  The Infrared Radiometer on the Sounder Probe of the Pioneer Venus Mission , 1980, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing.

[54]  T. Guillot,et al.  Orbital Evolution and Migration of Giant Planets: Modeling Extrasolar Planets , 1998, astro-ph/9801292.

[55]  E. Lellouch,et al.  A dual origin for Neptune's carbon monoxide? , 2005 .

[56]  Jean-Baptiste Renard,et al.  Small-angle light scattering by airborne particulates: Environnement S.A. continuous particulate monitor , 2010 .

[57]  Ingalls,et al.  SPITZER SPACE TELESCOPE MID-IR LIGHT CURVES OF NEPTUNE , 2016, 1608.07198.

[58]  D. Gurnett,et al.  Whistlers in Neptune's magnetosphere: Evidence of atmospheric lightning , 1990 .

[59]  C. Stoker,et al.  Moist convection on Neptune , 1989 .

[60]  Pierre Le Sidaner,et al.  Defining and cataloging exoplanets: the exoplanet.eu database , 2011, 1106.0586.

[61]  S. Atreya,et al.  Photolysis of methane and the ionosphere of Uranus , 1983 .

[62]  S. Atreya,et al.  Photochemistry and vertical mixing , 2011 .

[63]  A. Poppe.  An improved model for interplanetary dust fluxes in the outer Solar System , 2016 .

[64]  I. Pater,et al.  Constraining the origins of Neptune’s carbon monoxide abundance with CARMA millimeter-wave observations , 2012, 1301.1990.

[65]  E. Lellouch,et al.  Photochemistry and diffusion in Jupiter's stratosphere: Constraints from ISO observations and comparisons with other giant planets , 2005 .

[66]  Paul N. Romani,et al.  Methane photochemistry on Neptune : ethane and acetylene mixing ratios and haze production , 1993 .

[67]  T. Encrenaz,et al.  First detection of CO in Uranus , 2003 .

[68]  G. Orton,et al.  Uranus' cloud particle properties and latitudinal methane variation from IRTF SpeX observations , 2013 .

[69]  Sergey Oshchepkov,et al.  A new airborne polar Nephelometer for the measurements of optical and microphysical cloud properties. Part I: Theoretical design , 1997 .

[70]  T. Guillot,et al.  Exploring Saturn - The Saturn PRobe Interior and aTmosphere Explorer (SPRITE) Mission , 2016 .

[71]  Edward J. Wollack,et al.  Net Flux Radiometer for a Saturn Probe , 2015 .

[72]  P. Gierasch,et al.  Convection in the Outer Planet Atmospheres Including ortho-para Hydrogen Conversion , 1995 .

[73]  Martin Rubin,et al.  Isotopic composition of CO 2 in the coma of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko measured with ROSINA/DFMS , 2017 .

[74]  Nikole K. Lewis,et al.  DISEQUILIBRIUM CARBON, OXYGEN, AND NITROGEN CHEMISTRY IN THE ATMOSPHERES OF HD 189733b AND HD 209458b , 2011, 1102.0063.

[75]  I. Pater,et al.  Uranus deep atmosphere revealed , 1989 .

[76]  T. Owen,et al.  Detection of argon in the coma of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko , 2015, Science Advances.

[77]  Jean-Baptiste Renard,et al.  LOAC: a small aerosol optical counter/sizer for ground-based and balloon measurements of the size distribution and nature of atmospheric particles – Part 1: Principle of measurements and instrument evaluation , 2015 .

[78]  Alan P. Boss,et al.  Giant Planet Formation by Gravitational Instability , 1997 .

[79]  P. Marcus,et al.  Neptune’s zonal winds from near-IR Keck adaptive optics imaging in August 2001 , 2011, Astrophysics and Space Science.

[80]  S. Atreya,et al.  Reanalysis of Voyager 2 UVS Occultations at Uranus: Hydrocarbon Mixing Ratios in the Equatorial Stratosphere , 1990 .

[81]  J. Renard,et al.  Light scattering at small angles by atmospheric irregular particles: modelling and laboratory measurements , 2013 .

[82]  D. Hunten,et al.  Galileo Probe Mass Spectrometer experiment , 1992 .

[83]  A. Hauchecorne,et al.  In situ Measurement of H2O and CH4 with Telecommunication Laser Diodes in the Lower Stratosphere: Dehydration and Indication of a Tropical Air Intrusion at Mid-Latitudes , 2002 .

[84]  J. Moses,et al.  Phosphine and Ammonia Photochemistry in Jupiter's Troposphere , 2009 .

[85]  G. Orton,et al.  Saturn's tropospheric composition and clouds from Cassini/VIMS 4.6-5.1μm nightside spectroscopy , 2011 .

[86]  Patrick G. J. Irwin.  Giant Planets of Our Solar System , 2009 .

[87]  M. Dobrijevic,et al.  The photochemical fractionation of nitrogen isotopologues in Titan’s atmosphere , 2018, Icarus.

[88]  Alexander Makarov,et al.  Orbitrap mass spectrometry with resolving powers above 1,000,000 , 2012 .

[89]  J. D. Huba,et al.  Preliminary study of the CRRES magnetospheric barium releases , 1992 .

[90]  A. Coustenis,et al.  The albedo, effective temperature, and energy balance of Uranus, as determined from Voyager IRIS data , 1990 .

[91]  T. Owen,et al.  First observations of CO and HCN on Neptune and Uranus at millimeter wavelengths and the implications for atmospheric chemistry , 1993 .

[92]  D. Gautier,et al.  CO in the troposphere of Neptune: detection of the J=1−0 line in absorption , 1993 .

[93]  R. Prinn,et al.  Predicted chemistry of the deep atmosphere of Uranus before the Voyager 2 encounter , 1985, Nature.

[94]  T. Geballe,et al.  Detection of [FORMULA][F][RM]H[/RM][INF]2[/INF][ZW][SUP]18[/SUP][RM]O[/RM][/F][/FORMULA] in Jupiter , 1995 .

[95]  P. Mahaffy,et al.  Low Upper Limit to Methane Abundance on Mars , 2013, Science.

[96]  B. Butler,et al.  Seasonal change in the deep atmosphere of Uranus , 2002 .

[97]  Jean-Baptiste Renard,et al.  LOAC: a small aerosol optical counter/sizer for ground-based and balloon measurements of the size distribution and nature of atmospheric particles – Part 2: First results from balloon and unmanned aerial vehicle flights , 2016 .

[98]  D. Gautier,et al.  Formation and Composition of Planetesimals , 2005 .

[99]  J. Lebreton,et al.  Orbitrap mass analyser for in situ characterisation of planetary environments: Performance evaluation of a laboratory prototype , 2016 .

[100]  Martin Rubin,et al.  Inventory of the volatiles on comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko from Rosetta/ROSINA , 2015 .

[101]  James R. Houck,et al.  Detection of new hydrocarbons in Uranus' atmosphere by infrared spectroscopy , 2006 .

[102]  A. Coustenis,et al.  Science investigation options with a NASA New Frontiers Program Saturn entry probe mission , 2012 .

[103]  S. Atreya,et al.  Clouds of Neptune and Uranus , 2004 .

[104]  S. Limaye,et al.  Clouds and Circulation on Neptune: Implications of 1991 HST Observations , 1995 .

[105]  B. Sicardy,et al.  Neptune's Stratospheric Winds from Three Central Flash Occultations , 1998 .

[106]  P. Zarka,et al.  Restrictions on the characteristics of Neptunian lightning , 1991 .

[107]  J. Fortney,et al.  New indication for a dichotomy in the interior structure of Uranus and Neptune from the application of modified shape and rotation data , 2012, 1207.2309.

[108]  G. Schubert,et al.  Thermal structure of Jupiter's atmosphere near the edge of a 5‐μm hot spot in the north equatorial belt , 1998 .

[109]  Miguel de Val-Borro,et al.  First results of Herschel-PACS observations of Neptune , 2010, 1006.0114.

[110]  T. Guillot,et al.  Science from Shallow Saturn Entry Probes , 2013 .

[111]  Steve Matousek,et al.  The Juno New Frontiers mission , 2005 .

[112]  J. Bergstralh,et al.  Vertical aerosol structure of Neptune: Constraints from center-to-limb profiles , 1989 .

[113]  Ravit Helled,et al.  Planetesimal capture in the disk instability model , 2006 .

[114]  Nikku Madhusudhan,et al.  NEBULAR WATER DEPLETION AS THE CAUSE OF JUPITER'S LOW OXYGEN ABUNDANCE , 2012, 1204.3887.

[115]  A. Titov,et al.  Near infrared diode laser spectroscopy of C2H2, H2O, CO2 and their isotopologues and the application to TDLAS, a tunable diode laser spectrometer for the martian PHOBOS-GRUNT space mission , 2010 .

[116]  T. Encrenaz,et al.  Element Abundances and Isotope Ratios in the Giant Planets and Titan , 2003 .

[117]  A. Holland,et al.  The Hera Saturn entry probe mission , 2015, 1510.07685.

[118]  Nikku Madhusudhan,et al.  The Origin and Evolution of Saturn, with Exoplanet Perspective , 2016, Saturn in the 21st Century.

[119]  S. Atreya,et al.  Coupled Clouds and Chemistry of the Giant Planets— A Case for Multiprobes , 2005 .

[120]  Michael H. Wong,et al.  NEPTUNE’S DYNAMIC ATMOSPHERE FROM KEPLER K2 OBSERVATIONS: IMPLICATIONS FOR BROWN DWARF LIGHT CURVE ANALYSES , 2015, The Astrophysical journal.

[121]  T. Spilker,et al.  Significant Science from a Saturn Atmospheric Entry Probe Mission , 2011 .

[122]  David H. Atkinson,et al.  The Galileo Probe Doppler Wind Experiment: Measurement of the deep zonal winds on Jupiter , 1998 .

[123]  G. F. Lindal,et al.  The atmosphere of Uranus: Results of radio occultation measurements with Voyager 2 , 1987 .

[124]  W. Folkner,et al.  Ammonia abundance in Jupiter's atmosphere derived from the attenuation of the Galileo probe's radio signal , 1998 .

[125]  Harold F. Levison,et al.  Origin of the structure of the Kuiper belt during a dynamical instability in the orbits of Uranus and Neptune , 2007, 0712.0553.

[126]  U. Rahman,et al.  Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy , 2019, Advances in Noninvasive Food Analysis.

[127]  M A Smith,et al.  Formation of amino acids and nucleotide bases in a Titan atmosphere simulation experiment. , 2012, Astrobiology.

[128]  W. Benz,et al.  Tilting Uranus in a Giant Impact , 1989 .

[129]  D. R. Johnson,et al.  High Winds of Neptune: A Possible Mechanism , 1990, Science.

[130]  K. Batygin,et al.  INSTABILITY-DRIVEN DYNAMICAL EVOLUTION MODEL OF A PRIMORDIALLY FIVE-PLANET OUTER SOLAR SYSTEM , 2011, 1111.3682.

[131]  Harold F. Levison,et al.  Dynamics of the Giant Planets of the Solar System in the Gaseous Protoplanetary Disk and Their Relationship to the Current Orbital Architecture , 2007, 0706.1713.

[132]  E. Miner,et al.  The Voyager 2 Encounter with the Neptunian System , 1989, Science.

[133]  G. Orton,et al.  HST/WFC3 observations of Uranus’ 2014 storm clouds and comparison with VLT/SINFONI and IRTF/Spex observations , 2016, 1611.03257.

[134]  T. Owen,et al.  Constraints on N2 in Neptune's atmosphere from Voyager measurements , 1993 .

[135]  H. Mizuno,et al.  Formation of the Giant Planets , 1980 .

[136]  J. Hovenier,et al.  An update of the Amsterdam Light Scattering Database , 2006 .

[137]  L. Duvet,et al.  Rosina – Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis , 2007 .

[138]  E. Lellouch,et al.  External supply of oxygen to the atmospheres of the giant planets , 1997, Nature.

[139]  J. Fortney,et al.  The Interior Structure, Composition, and Evolution of Giant Planets , 2009, 0912.0533.

[140]  D. Ming,et al.  The Sample Analysis at Mars Investigation and Instrument Suite , 2012 .

[141]  E. Karkoschka,et al.  Uranus’ southern circulation revealed by Voyager 2: Unique characteristics , 2015 .

[142]  G. Orton,et al.  Time variability of Neptune’s horizontal and vertical cloud structure revealed by VLT/SINFONI and Gemini/NIFS from 2009 to 2013 , 2016 .

[143]  B. Conrath,et al.  The albedo, effective temperature, and energy balance of Neptune, as determined from Voyager data , 1991 .

[144]  D. DeBoer,et al.  Laboratory Measurements of the Microwave Properties of H2S under Simulated Jovian Conditions with an Application to Neptune , 1994 .

[145]  Sarah E. Dodson-Robinson,et al.  The formation of Uranus and Neptune in solid-rich feeding zones: Connecting chemistry and dynamics , 2009, 0911.3873.

[146]  A. Twarowski.  Reduction of a phosphorus oxide and acid reaction set , 1995 .

[147]  M. Dobrijevic,et al.  The photochemical fractionation of oxygen isotopologues in Titan’s atmosphere , 2017 .

[148]  Matthew Joseph Griffin,et al.  First results of ISO-SWS observations of Saturn: detection of CO_2_, CH_3_C_2_H, C_4_H_2_ and tropospheric H_2_O. , 1997 .

[149]  P. Gierasch,et al.  Thermal Structure and Para Hydrogen Fraction on the Outer Planets from Voyager IRIS Measurements , 1998 .

[150]  R. LeBeau,et al.  EPIC Simulations of Time-Dependent, Three-Dimensional Vortices with Application to Neptune's Great Dark Spot , 1997 .

[151]  G. Orton,et al.  Phosphine on Jupiter and Saturn from Cassini/CIRS , 2009 .

[152]  P. Hartogh,et al.  Thermochemistry and vertical mixing in the tropospheres of Uranus and Neptune: How convection inhibition can affect the derivation of deep oxygen abundances , 2017, 1703.04358.

[153]  S. Limaye,et al.  Dynamics of Neptune's Major Cloud Features , 1993 .

[154]  A. Genio,et al.  Saturn Atmospheric Structure and Dynamics , 2009 .

[155]  R. West,et al.  Saturn's Seasonally Changing Atmosphere: Thermal Structure, Composition and Aerosols , 2015, 1510.05690.

[156]  R. H. Brown,et al.  Voyager 2 in the Uranian System: Imaging Science Results , 1986, Science.

[157]  Barucci,et al.  THE CHARACTERISATION OF TITAN’S ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICAL PROPERTIES BY THE HUYGENS ATMOSPHERIC STRUCTURE INSTRUMENT (HASI) , 2003 .

[158]  A. Ingersoll,et al.  Deep winds on Jupiter as measured by the Galileo probe , 1997, Nature.

[159]  S. Charnley,et al.  ISOTOPIC RATIOS OF CARBON AND OXYGEN IN TITAN’S CO USING ALMA , 2016, 1602.07707.

[160]  David J. Stevenson,et al.  Rapid formation of Jupiter by diffusive redistribution of water vapor in the solar nebula , 1988 .

[161]  Ian Wright,et al.  Ptolemy – an Instrument to Measure Stable Isotopic Ratios of Key Volatiles on a Cometary Nucleus , 2007 .

[162]  T. Encrenaz,et al.  The ISO spectra of Uranus and Neptune between 2.5 and 4.2 mu m: constraints on albedos and H_3+ , 2000 .

[163]  G. F. Lindal,et al.  The atmosphere of Neptune : an analysis of radio occultation data acquired with Voyager 2 , 1992 .

[164]  Roda Bounaceur,et al.  A chemical model for the atmosphere of hot Jupiters , 2012, 1208.0560.

[165]  Makarov,et al.  Electrostatic axially harmonic orbital trapping: a high-performance technique of mass analysis , 2000, Analytical chemistry.

[166]  D. Nesvorný.  YOUNG SOLAR SYSTEM's FIFTH GIANT PLANET? , 2011, 1109.2949.

[167]  T. Encrenaz,et al.  Detection of the Methyl Radical on Neptune , 1999 .

[168]  J. Waite,et al.  Theory, measurements, and models of the upper atmosphere and ionosphere of Saturn , 1984 .

[169]  D. Gautier,et al.  The helium abundance of Uranus from Voyager measurements , 1987 .

[170]  K. Clausen,et al.  The Huygens Probe System Design , 2002 .

[171]  J. Lunine,et al.  Modeling the disequilibrium species for Jupiter and Saturn: Implications for Juno and Saturn entry probe , 2016, 1604.06371.

[172]  D. Hunten,et al.  The composition of the atmosphere of Jupiter , 2004 .

[173]  G. Orton,et al.  The meridional phosphine distribution in Saturn's upper troposphere from Cassini/CIRS observations , 2007 .

[174]  D. M. Hunten,et al.  The Jupiter helium interferometer experiment on the Galileo entry probe , 1992 .

[175]  Edwin A. Bergin,et al.  THE EFFECTS OF SNOWLINES ON C/O IN PLANETARY ATMOSPHERES , 2011, 1110.5567.

[176]  T. Guillot.  Condensation of methane, ammonia, and water and the inhibition of convection in giant planets. , 1995, Science.

[177]  Tristan Guillot.  THE INTERIORS OF GIANT PLANETS: Models and Outstanding Questions , 2001 .

[178]  M. Tomasko,et al.  The haze and methane distributions on Uranus from HST-STIS spectroscopy , 2009 .

[179]  B. Bézard,et al.  Hydrocarbons in Neptune's stratosphere from Voyager infrared observations , 1991 .

[180]  Johannes Wicht,et al.  The effects of vigorous mixing in a convective model of zonal flow on the ice giants , 2007 .

[181]  H. Balsiger,et al.  Xenon isotopes in 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko show that comets contributed to Earth's atmosphere , 2017, Science.

[182]  M. E. Mickelson,et al.  The Abundances of Methane and Ortho/Para Hydrogen on Uranus and Neptune: Implications of New Laboratory 4-0 H2 Quadrupole Line Parameters , 1995 .

[183]  E. Lellouch,et al.  The vertical Distribution and Origin of HCN in Neptune's Atmosphere , 1994 .

[184]  Paul N. Romani,et al.  The upper atmosphere of Uranus: EUV occultations observed by Voyager 2 , 1987 .

[185]  Yuk L. Yung,et al.  First Spitzer observations of Neptune: Detection of new hydrocarbons , 2006 .

[186]  On Composition , 1992, Syncategoreumata.

[187]  K. Tsiganis,et al.  Origin of the cataclysmic Late Heavy Bombardment period of the terrestrial planets , 2005, Nature.

[188]  J. Hayden,et al.  Galileo Net Flux Radiometer experiment , 1992 .

[189]  L. Bernstein,et al.  Mid-Infrared Ethane Emission on Neptune and Uranus* , 2006, astro-ph/0602546.

[190]  T. Owen,et al.  Molecular nitrogen in comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko indicates a low formation temperature , 2015, Science.

[191]  G. Orton,et al.  Methane and its isotopologues on Saturn from Cassini/CIRS observations , 2009 .

[192]  S. Atreya,et al.  Voyager 2 ultraviolet spectrometer solar occultations at Neptune - Constraints on the abundance of methane in the stratosphere , 1992 .

[193]  E. Karkoschka,et al.  Neptune’s rotational period suggested by the extraordinary stability of two features , 2011 .

[194]  W. Benz,et al.  Saturn's internal structure and carbon enrichment , 2005, astro-ph/0511392.

[195]  Igor Kleyner,et al.  Thermal Radiometer Signal Processing using Radiation Hard CMOS Application Specific Integrated Circuits for use in Harsh Planetary Environments , 2015 .

[196]  B. Bézard,et al.  The composition of Saturn's atmosphere at northern temperate latitudes from Voyager IRIS spectra - NH3, PH3, C2H2, C2H6, CH3D, CH4, and the Saturnian D/H isotopic ratio , 1984 .

[197]  A. Seiff,et al.  The Galileo Probe Atmosphere Structure instrument , 1992 .

[198]  M. Lemmon,et al.  Galileo probe measurements of thermal and solar radiation fluxes in the Jovian atmosphere , 1998 .

[199]  J. Lunine,et al.  The mass spectrometer for planetary exploration (MASPEX) , 2016, 2016 IEEE Aerospace Conference.

[200]  A. Sánchez-Lavega,et al.  Clouds in planetary atmospheres: A useful application of the Clausius–Clapeyron equation , 2004 .

[201]  E. Lellouch,et al.  The hydrogen ortho-to-para ratio in the stratospheres of the giant planets , 2003 .

[202]  S. C. Sommer,et al.  Measurements of thermal structure and thermal contrasts in the atmosphere of Venus and related dynamical observations: Results From the four Pioneer Venus Probes , 1980 .

[203]  K. Baines,et al.  Coordinated 1996 HST and IRTF Imaging of Neptune and Triton: III. Neptune's Atmospheric Circulation and Cloud Structure☆ , 2001 .

[204]  T. Encrenaz,et al.  ISO LWS measurement of the far-infrared spectrum of Saturn , 1996 .

[205]  P. Zarka,et al.  Radio detection of uranian lightning by Voyager 2 , 1986, Nature.

[206]  P. Irwin.  Giant Planets of Our Solar System: Atmospheres, Composition, and Structure , 2009 .

[207]  Daniele Piazza,et al.  A novel principle for an ion mirror design in time-of-flight mass spectrometry , 2006 .

[208]  M. Showalter,et al.  Uranus at equinox: Cloud morphology and dynamics , 2008, 1503.01957.

[209]  P. Gierasch,et al.  Voyager infrared observations of Uranus' atmosphere: Thermal structure and dynamics , 1987 .

[210]  G. Orton,et al.  Neptune at summer solstice: Zonal mean temperatures from ground-based observations, 2003–2007 , 2013, 1311.7570.

[211]  E. Jehin,et al.  TOWARD A UNIQUE NITROGEN ISOTOPIC RATIO IN COMETARY ICES , 2013 .

[212]  S. Debei,et al.  In situ measurements of the physical characteristics of Titan's environment , 2005, Nature.

[213]  M. Showalter,et al.  The Dark Spot in the atmosphere of Uranus in 2006: Discovery, description, and dynamical simulations ✩ , 2008 .

[214]  M. Asplund,et al.  The chemical composition of the Sun , 2009, 0909.0948.

[215]  J. Lunine,et al.  Volatile inventories in clathrate hydrates formed in the primordial nebula. , 2010, Faraday discussions.

[216]  Brad Baker,et al.  Light Scattering by Single Natural Ice Crystals , 2006 .

[217]  G. Orton,et al.  The clouds of Jupiter: Results of the Galileo Jupiter Mission Probe Nephelometer Experiment , 1998 .

[218]  E. Grün,et al.  DOTS: A High Resolution Orbitrap Mass Spectrometer for In Situ Analysis of the surface samples of Airless Planetary Bodies , 2013 .

[219]  T. Owen,et al.  Trapping of N2, CO and Ar in amorphous ice—Application to comets , 2007 .

[220]  D. Gautier,et al.  The helium abundance of Saturn from Voyager measurements , 1984 .

[221]  G. Orton,et al.  Neptune’s global circulation deduced from multi-wavelength observations , 2014 .

[222]  Heidi B. Hammel,et al.  New Measurements of the Winds of Uranus , 2001 .

[223]  E. Jehin,et al.  The CN isotopic ratios in comets , 2009, 0907.0311.

[224]  T. Encrenaz,et al.  The deuterium abundance in Jupiter and Saturn from ISO-SWS observations , 2001 .

[225]  T. Owen,et al.  Galileo Probe Measurements of D/H and 3He/4He in Jupiter's Atmosphere , 1998 .

[226]  D. Hunten,et al.  Helium in Jupiter's atmosphere: Results from the Galileo probe Helium Interferometer Experiment , 1998 .

[227]  L. Sromovsky,et al.  Methane on Uranus: The case for a compact CH4 cloud layer at low latitudes and a severe CH4 depletion at high-latitudes based on re-analysis of Voyager occultation measurements and STIS spectroscopy , 2011, 1503.02476.

[228]  D. DeBoer,et al.  Estimates of the Tropospheric Vertical Structure of Neptune Based on Microwave Radiative Transfer Studies , 1996 .

[229]  Matthew Joseph Griffin,et al.  First results of ISO-SWS observations of Saturn: Detection of CO2, CH3C2H, C4H2 and tropospheric H2O , 1997 .

[230]  V. Shcherbakov,et al.  Retrieval of complex refractive index and size distribution of spherical particles from Dual-Polarization Polar Nephelometer data , 2008 .

[231]  Y. Alibert,et al.  Migration and giant planet formation , 2004, astro-ph/0403574.

[232]  R. Prinn,et al.  Carbon monoxide on jupiter and implications for atmospheric convection. , 1977, Science.

[233]  Matthew Joseph Griffin,et al.  Neptune's far-infrared spectrum from the ISO long-wavelength and short-wavelength spectrometers , 2003 .

[234]  L. Wasserman,et al.  Uranus after Solstice: Results from the 1998 November 6 Occultation , 2001 .

[235]  T. Encrenaz,et al.  ISO-SWS Observations of Jupiter: Measurement of the Ammonia Tropospheric Profile and of the 15N/14N Isotopic Ratio , 1999, astro-ph/9911257.

[236]  Konstantin Batygin,et al.  EARLY DYNAMICAL EVOLUTION OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM: PINNING DOWN THE INITIAL CONDITIONS OF THE NICE MODEL , 2010, 1004.5414.

[237]  G. Castagnoli,et al.  Cosmic Ray Interactions in Meteorites and Solar Activity , 1989 .

[238]  Daniel Gautier,et al.  Composition of Titan's lower atmosphere and simple surface volatiles as measured by the Cassini‐Huygens probe gas chromatograph mass spectrometer experiment , 2010 .

[239]  A. Cameron,et al.  Abundances of the elements in the solar system , 1973 .

[240]  M. Wongb,et al.  Composition and origin of the atmosphere of Jupiter — an update , and implications for the extrasolar giant planets , 2003 .

[241]  T. Owen,et al.  Improved constraints on Neptune's atmosphere from submillimetre-wavelength observations , 2005 .

[242]  Steven T. Massie,et al.  Models of the millimeter-centimeter spectra of the giant planets , 1985 .

[243]  P. Drossart,et al.  Carbon Monoxide on Jupiter: Evidence for Both Internal and External Sources , 2002 .

[244]  George W. Wetherill,et al.  Rapid Formation of Ice Giant Planets , 2001, astro-ph/0112406.

[245]  J. Bauer,et al.  An investigation of the temperature variations in Neptune’s upper stratosphere including a July 2008 stellar occultation event , 2014 .

[246]  J. Geiss,et al.  Abundances of Deuterium and Helium-3 in the Protosolar Cloud , 1998 .

[247]  Roger V. Yelle,et al.  The far ultraviolet reflection spectrum of Uranus - Results from the Voyager encounter , 1989 .

[248]  T. Encrenaz,et al.  Thermal imaging of Uranus: Upper-tropospheric temperatures one season after Voyager , 2015 .

[249]  Yann Alibert,et al.  On the Volatile Enrichments and Composition of Jupiter , 2005, astro-ph/0502325.

[250]  H. Hammel,et al.  Uranus in 2003: Zonal winds, banded structure, and discrete features , 2005 .

[251]  P. Gierasch,et al.  New insights on Jupiter’s deep water abundance from disequilibrium species , 2014, 1412.0690.

[252]  H. Levison,et al.  Remarks on Modeling the Formation of Uranus and Neptune , 2001 .

[253]  A. Bar-Nun,et al.  Trapping of gas mixtures by amorphous water ice. , 1988, Physical review. B, Condensed matter.

[254]  T. Owen,et al.  Jupiter’s interior and deep atmosphere: The initial pole-to-pole passes with the Juno spacecraft , 2017, Science.

[255]  E. Neefs,et al.  67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, a Jupiter family comet with a high D/H ratio , 2015, Science.

[256]  T. Owen,et al.  Updated Galileo probe mass spectrometer measurements of carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur on Jupiter , 2004 .

[257]  I. Pater,et al.  Possible microwave absorption by H2S gas in Uranus' and Neptune's atmospheres , 1991 .

[258]  D. Strobel,et al.  Photochemistry of the atmosphere of Uranus , 1987 .

[259]  T. Guillot,et al.  Condensation-inhibited convection in hydrogen-rich atmospheres . Stability against double-diffusive processes and thermal profiles for Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune , 2016, 1610.05506.

[260]  Yann Alibert,et al.  New Jupiter and Saturn Formation Models Meet Observations , 2005, astro-ph/0504598.

[261]  J. Lunine,et al.  Distribution and Evolution of Water Ice in the Solar Nebula: Implications for Solar System Body Formation☆ , 1998 .

[262]  D. Gautier,et al.  Saturn Helium Abundance: A Reanalysis of Voyager Measurements , 2000 .

[263]  Michael H. Wong,et al.  Composition and origin of the atmosphere of Jupiter—an update, and implications for the extrasolar giant planets , 2003 .

[264]  Hirofumi Nagao,et al.  Miniaturized high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometer MULTUM-S II with an infinite flight path. , 2010, Analytical chemistry.

[265]  Daniel T. Jaffe,et al.  A spatially resolved high spectral resolution study of Neptune’s stratosphere , 2011 .

[266]  D. Gautier,et al.  A Two-dimensional Model for the Primordial Nebula Constrained by D/H Measurements in the Solar System: Implications for the Formation of Giant Planets , 2001 .

[267]  J. Lunine,et al.  NEW INSIGHTS ON SATURN'S FORMATION FROM ITS NITROGEN ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION , 2014, 1410.5408.

[268]  J. Lunine,et al.  Thermodynamics of clathrate hydrate at low and high pressures with application to the outer solar system , 1985 .

[269]  Edward J. Wollack,et al.  SEVEN-YEAR WILKINSON MICROWAVE ANISOTROPY PROBE (WMAP) OBSERVATIONS: PLANETS AND CELESTIAL CALIBRATION SOURCES , 2010, 1001.4731.

[270]  P. Gierasch,et al.  Vertical temperature gradients on Uranus: Implications for layered convection , 1987 .

[271]  D. Stevenson,et al.  The interior of Neptune , 1995 .

[272]  Cyril Szopa,et al.  Cosac, The Cometary Sampling and Composition Experiment on Philae , 2007 .

[273]  Heidi B. Hammel,et al.  DETECTION AND TRACKING OF SUBTLE CLOUD FEATURES ON URANUS , 2010 .

[274]  S. K. Croft,et al.  Voyager 2 at Neptune: Imaging Science Results , 1989, Science.

[275]  Imke de Pater,et al.  A low-temperature origin for the planetesimals that formed Jupiter , 1999, Nature.

[276]  J. Berthelier,et al.  Halogens as tracers of protosolar nebula material in comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko , 2017 .

[277]  Ravit Helled,et al.  Measuring Jupiter's water abundance by Juno: the link between interior and formation models , 2014, 1403.2891.

[278]  S. Atreya,et al.  Stratospheric aerosols from CH4 photochemistry on Neptune , 1989 .

[279]  E. Venkatapathy.  Heat Shield for Extreme Entry Environment Technology (HEEET) , 2016 .

[280]  G. Orton,et al.  Mid-infrared spectroscopy of Uranus from the Spitzer Infrared Spectrometer: 1. Determination of the mean temperature structure of the upper troposphere and stratosphere , 2014, 1407.2120.

[281]  M. Showalter,et al.  Post-equinox observations of Uranus: Berg’s evolution, vertical structure, and track towards the equator , 2011 .

[282]  H. Hammel,et al.  High S/N Keck and Gemini AO imaging of Uranus during 2012-2014: New cloud patterns, increasing activity, and improved wind measurements , 2015, 1512.05009.

[283]  R. Edgar.  Giant Planet Migration in Viscous Power-Law Disks , 2007, 0704.0448.

[284]  F. Briggs,et al.  Radio observations of Saturn as a probe of its atmosphere and cloud structure , 1989 .

[285]  Jack J. Lissauer,et al.  Accretion of the gaseous envelope of Jupiter around a 5–10 Earth-mass core , 2005 .

[286]  Eva Navas,et al.  Accepted Manuscript , 2022 .

[287]  S. Atreya,et al.  Methane photochemistry and haze production on Neptune , 1988 .

[288]  S. Aslam,et al.  A Radiation Hard Multi-Channel Digitizer ASIC for Operation in the Harsh Jovian Environment , 2011 .

[289]  R. West,et al.  Clouds and aerosols in the Uranian atmosphere , 1991 .

[290]  J. Crovisier,et al.  The composition of cometary volatiles , 2004 .

[291]  J. Lissauer.  Formation of the Outer Planets , 2004 .

[292]  J. Moses.  Chemical kinetics on extrasolar planets , 2013, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences.

[293]  H. F. Levison,et al.  MODELING THE FORMATION OF GIANT PLANET CORES. I. EVALUATING KEY PROCESSES , 2009, 0912.3144.

[294]  T. Encrenaz,et al.  Compositional constraints on giant planet formation , 2006 .

[295]  I. Katakuse,et al.  A compact sector-type multi-turn time-of-flight mass spectrometer ‘MULTUM II’ , 2004 .

[296]  P. Armitage,et al.  GIANT PLANET MIGRATION, DISK EVOLUTION, AND THE ORIGIN OF TRANSITIONAL DISKS , 2009, 0909.0004.

[297]  A. Ingersoll,et al.  Uranus atmospheric dynamics and circulation , 1991 .

[298]  J. Lunine,et al.  Enrichments in Volatiles in Jupiter: A New Interpretation of the Galileo Measurements , 2001 .

[299]  Roger V. Yelle,et al.  Gravity Waves in Jupiter's Thermosphere , 1997, Science.

[300]  C. Russell,et al.  The science case for an orbital mission to Uranus: exploring the origins and evolution of ice giant planets , 2014 .

[301]  A. Showman,et al.  Generation of equatorial jets by large-scale latent heating on the giant planets , 2009, 0910.3065.

[302]  P. Hartogh,et al.  First results of Herschel-SPIRE observations of Titan , 2011 .

[303]  Richard C. Puetter,et al.  Evidence for methane escape and strong seasonal and dynamical perturbations of Neptune's atmospheric temperatures , 2007 .

[304]  J. Lunine,et al.  THE MEASURED COMPOSITIONS OF URANUS AND NEPTUNE FROM THEIR FORMATION ON THE CO ICE LINE , 2014, 1407.2568.

[305]  L. Sromovsky,et al.  EPIC Simulations of Bright Companions to Neptune's Great Dark Spots , 2001 .

[306]  E. Bergin,et al.  EXCESS C/O AND C/H IN OUTER PROTOPLANETARY DISK GAS , 2016, 1610.07859.

[307]  Gilles Chabrier,et al.  A new vision of giant planet interiors: Impact of double diffusive convection , 2012, 1201.4483.

[308]  J. E. Richards,et al.  The Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer for the Huygens Probe , 2002 .

[309]  T. Guillot,et al.  Internal Structure of Giant and Icy Planets: Importance of Heavy Elements and Mixing , 2017, 1705.09320.

[310]  Jack J. Lissauer,et al.  Formation of the Giant Planets by Concurrent Accretion of Solids and Gas , 1995 .

[311]  Jelena Tesic,et al.  Characteristics of the Galileo Probe Entry Site From Earth-Based Remote Sensing Observations , 1998 .

[312]  Miguel de Val-Borro,et al.  Herschel measurements of the D/H and 16O/18O ratios in water in the Oort-cloud comet C/2009 P1 (Garradd) , 2012, 1207.7180.

[313]  Daniel Gautier,et al.  Enrichment in volatiles in the giant planets of the Solar System , 2004 .

[314]  K. Aplin,et al.  Determining solar effects in Neptune's atmosphere , 2016, Nature Communications.

[315]  M. Duncan,et al.  Growing the gas-giant planets by the gradual accumulation of pebbles , 2015, Nature.

[316]  K. Tsiganis,et al.  Chaotic capture of Jupiter's Trojan asteroids in the early Solar System , 2005, Nature.

[317]  G. Orton,et al.  Spectral analysis of Uranus’ 2014 bright storm with VLT/SINFONI , 2015, 1510.02274.

[318]  G. Orton,et al.  The origin of nitrogen on Jupiter and Saturn from the 15N/14N ratio , 2014, 1405.3800.

[319]  I. Mendikoa,et al.  Neptune Long-Lived Atmospheric Features in 2013 - 2015 from Small (28-cm) to Large (10-m) Telescopes , 2017, 1709.08854.

[320]  Harold F. Levison,et al.  LATE ORBITAL INSTABILITIES IN THE OUTER PLANETS INDUCED BY INTERACTION WITH A SELF-GRAVITATING PLANETESIMAL DISK , 2011 .

[321]  Daisuke Okumura,et al.  Multi-turn time-of-flight mass spectrometers with electrostatic sectors. , 2003, Journal of mass spectrometry : JMS.

[322]  R. Young,et al.  Erratum: ``The Galileo probe mission to Jupiter: Science overview'' , 1998 .

[323]  S. Limaye,et al.  Winds of Neptune - Voyager observations of cloud motions , 1991 .

[324]  D. Hunten,et al.  The composition of the Jovian atmosphere as determined by the Galileo probe mass spectrometer. , 1998, Journal of geophysical research.

[325]  H. Hammel,et al.  Clouds, hazes, and the stratospheric methane abundance in Neptune. , 1994, Icarus.

[326]  G. Orton,et al.  Mid-infrared spectroscopy of Uranus from the Spitzer infrared spectrometer: 2. Determination of the mean composition of the upper troposphere and stratosphere , 2014, 1407.2118.