Gastric cancer: Classification, histology and application of molecular pathology.

Gastric cancer remains one of the deadly diseases with poor prognosis. New classification of gastric cancers based on histologic features, genotypes and molecular phenotypes helps better understand the characteristics of each subtype, and improve early diagnosis, prevention and treatment. The objective of this article is to review the new classification of gastric cancers and the up-to-date guidance in the application of molecular testing.

[1]  B. Fridley,et al.  Genetic regulation of &bgr;-ureidopropionase and its possible implication in altered uracil catabolism , 2008, Pharmacogenetics and genomics.

[2]  M. Kraus,et al.  Localization of the human erbB-2 gene on normal and rearranged chromosomes 17 to bands q12-21.32. , 1989, Genomics.

[3]  M. Vijver,et al.  HER2 testing in gastric cancer: a practical approach , 2012, Modern Pathology.

[4]  A. Jemal,et al.  Global cancer statistics , 2011, CA: a cancer journal for clinicians.

[5]  B. Fridley,et al.  Genetic regulation of dihydropyrimidinase and its possible implication in altered uracil catabolism , 2007, Pharmacogenetics and genomics.

[6]  J. Yokota,et al.  AMPLIFICATION OF c-erbB-2 ONCOGENE IN HUMAN ADENOCARCINOMAS IN VIVO , 1986, The Lancet.

[7]  T. Yamamoto,et al.  The product of the human c-erbB-2 gene: a 185-kilodalton glycoprotein with tyrosine kinase activity. , 1986, Science.

[8]  P. Chandrasoma,et al.  Histology of the gastroesophageal junction: an autopsy study. , 2000, The American journal of surgical pathology.

[9]  M. Pomper,et al.  Bortezomib-induced enzyme-targeted radiation therapy in herpesvirus-associated tumors , 2008, Nature Medicine.

[10]  K. Maruyama,et al.  Characteristics of gastric cancer invading to the proper muscle layer--with special reference to mortality and cause of death. , 1985, Japanese journal of clinical oncology.

[11]  W J Macdonald,et al.  GASTRIC CARCINOMA. , 1912, Canadian Medical Association journal.

[12]  H. P. Wang,et al.  Lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma of the stomach: a subset of gastric carcinoma with distinct clinicopathological features and high prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus infection. , 1999, Hepato-gastroenterology.

[13]  Time Trend Analysis of Gastric Cancer Incidence in Japan by Histological Types,1975-1989 , 2001 .

[14]  A. Jimeno,et al.  HER2 in gastric cancer: a new prognostic factor and a novel therapeutic target. , 2008, Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology.

[15]  Kangsheng Wang,et al.  Suppression of DPYD expression in RKO cells via DNA methylation in the regulatory region of the DPYD promoter: a potentially important epigenetic mechanism regulating DPYD expression. , 2007, Biochemistry and cell biology = Biochimie et biologie cellulaire.

[16]  S N Thibodeau,et al.  Origin of microsatellite instability in gastric cancer. , 1999, The American journal of pathology.

[17]  R. Fodde,et al.  Cancer risk in families with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer diagnosed by mutation analysis. , 1996, Gastroenterology.

[18]  Yoon-Koo Kang,et al.  Trastuzumab in combination with chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone for treatment of HER2-positive advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction cancer (ToGA): a phase 3, open-label, randomised controlled trial , 2010, The Lancet.

[19]  J. Pignon,et al.  Perioperative chemotherapy compared with surgery alone for resectable gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma: an FNCLCC and FFCD multicenter phase III trial. , 2011, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[20]  Ursula Amstutz,et al.  Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase gene as a major predictor of severe 5-fluorouracil toxicity. , 2011, Pharmacogenomics.

[21]  L. Aaltonen,et al.  Screening E‐cadherin in gastric cancer families reveals germline mutations only in hereditary diffuse gastric cancer kindred , 2002, Human mutation.

[22]  Charles J. Lightdale,et al.  The Paris endoscopic classification of superficial neoplastic lesions: esophagus, stomach, and colon: November 30 to December 1, 2002. , 2003, Gastrointestinal endoscopy.

[23]  J. Fraumeni,et al.  Rising incidence of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and gastric cardia. , 1991, JAMA.

[24]  R. Seruca,et al.  Role of pathology in the identification of hereditary diffuse gastric cancer: report of a Portuguese family , 2005, Virchows Archiv.

[25]  H. Nakayama,et al.  Molecular Pathobiology of Gastric Cancer , 2006, Scandinavian journal of surgery : SJS : official organ for the Finnish Surgical Society and the Scandinavian Surgical Society.

[26]  V. Pankratz,et al.  Lymphocyte-Rich Gastric Cancer: Associations with Epstein-Barr Virus, Microsatellite Instability, Histology, and Survival , 2003, Modern Pathology.

[27]  C. Chi,et al.  A genome‐wide study of microsatellite instability in advanced gastric carcinoma , 2001, Cancer.

[28]  C. V. D. van de Velde,et al.  Perioperative chemotherapy versus surgery alone for resectable gastroesophageal cancer. , 2006, The New England journal of medicine.

[29]  H. P. Wang,et al.  Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric carcinomas: relation to H. pylori infection and genetic alterations. , 2000, Gastroenterology.

[30]  R. Seruca,et al.  The clinicopathological features of gastric carcinomas with microsatellite instability may be mediated by mutations of different "target genes": a study of the TGFbeta RII, IGFII R, and BAX genes. , 1998, The American journal of pathology.

[31]  R. Genta,et al.  Tumors of the Digestive System , 2013 .

[32]  T. Yoshimura,et al.  Time trend analysis of gastric cancer incidence in Japan by histological types, 1975-1989 , 2001, British Journal of Cancer.

[33]  E. Van Cutsem,et al.  Efficacy results from the ToGA trial: A phase III study of trastuzumab added to standard chemotherapy (CT) in first-line human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive advanced gastric cancer (GC). , 2009, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[34]  R. M. Huberman,et al.  The gastric cardia in Helicobacter pylori infection. , 1994, Human pathology.

[35]  P. Laurén,et al.  THE TWO HISTOLOGICAL MAIN TYPES OF GASTRIC CARCINOMA: DIFFUSE AND SO-CALLED INTESTINAL-TYPE CARCINOMA. AN ATTEMPT AT A HISTO-CLINICAL CLASSIFICATION. , 1965, Acta pathologica et microbiologica Scandinavica.

[36]  D. Evans,et al.  An extended Li-Fraumeni kindred with gastric carcinoma and a codon 175 mutation in TP53. , 1995, Journal of medical genetics.

[37]  A. Akagi,et al.  Role of Copper Accumulation in Spontaneous Renal Carcinogenesis in Long‐Evans Cinnamon Rats , 1999, Japanese journal of cancer research : Gann.

[38]  R. Chetty,et al.  Gastric pseudo-signet ring cells: a potential diagnostic pitfall , 2011, Virchows Archiv.

[39]  J. Yokota,et al.  Quantification of epigenetic and genetic 2nd hits in CDH1 during hereditary diffuse gastric cancer syndrome progression. , 2009, Gastroenterology.

[40]  A. Meindl,et al.  Strong Association of a Common Dihydropyrimidine Dehydrogenase Gene Polymorphism with Fluoropyrimidine-Related Toxicity in Cancer Patients , 2008, PloS one.

[41]  J. Isola,et al.  Amplification of HER-2 in gastric carcinoma: association with Topoisomerase IIalpha gene amplification, intestinal type, poor prognosis and sensitivity to trastuzumab. , 2005, Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology.

[42]  K. Coombes,et al.  Deriving chemosensitivity from cell lines: Forensic bioinformatics and reproducible research in high-throughput biology , 2009, 1010.1092.

[43]  J. Parsonnet,et al.  Helicobacter pylori infection in intestinal- and diffuse-type gastric adenocarcinomas. , 1991, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[44]  E. Van Cutsem,et al.  Efficacy results from the ToGA trial: A phase III study of trastuzumab added to standard chemotherapy (CT) in first-line human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive advanced gastric cancer (GC). , 2009, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[45]  C Caldas,et al.  Incidence of gastric cancer and breast cancer in CDH1 (E-cadherin) mutation carriers from hereditary diffuse gastric cancer families. , 2001, Gastroenterology.

[46]  J. V. van Sandick,et al.  Prognostic Value of Laurén Classification and c-erbB-2 Oncogene Overexpression in Adenocarcinoma of the Esophagus and Gastroesophageal Junction , 1999, Annals of Surgical Oncology.

[47]  H. Mashimo,et al.  Gastric cardiac carcinomas involving the esophagus are more adequately staged as gastric cancers by the 7th edition of the American Joint Commission on Cancer Staging System , 2011, Modern Pathology.

[48]  Martin R. Johnson,et al.  Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase: its role in 5-fluorouracil clinical toxicity and tumor resistance. , 1999, Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research.

[49]  Amitabh Srivastava,et al.  Micropapillary Carcinoma of Stomach: A Clinicopathologic and Immunohistochemical Study of 11 Cases , 2010, The American journal of surgical pathology.

[50]  N. Nomura,et al.  Similarity of protein encoded by the human c-erb-B-2 gene to epidermal growth factor receptor , 1986, Nature.

[51]  S. Thibodeau,et al.  Altered expression of hMSH2 and hMLH1 in tumors with microsatellite instability and genetic alterations in mismatch repair genes. , 1996, Cancer research.

[52]  U. Hofmann,et al.  Role of genetic and nongenetic factors for fluorouracil treatment-related severe toxicity: a prospective clinical trial by the German 5-FU Toxicity Study Group. , 2008, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[53]  S. Chin,et al.  Germline CDH1 deletions in hereditary diffuse gastric cancer families , 2009, Human molecular genetics.

[54]  G. Sauter,et al.  HER-2 amplification is highly homogenous in gastric cancer. , 2010, Human pathology.

[55]  Y. Seto,et al.  Gastric carcinoma with invasive micropapillary pattern and its association with lymph node metastasis , 2011, Histopathology.

[56]  C. Mathers,et al.  Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008: GLOBOCAN 2008 , 2010, International journal of cancer.

[57]  Yoko Ito,et al.  Mechanisms and sequelae of E‐cadherin silencing in hereditary diffuse gastric cancer , 2008, The Journal of pathology.

[58]  Martin R. Johnson,et al.  Rapid Identification of Dihydropyrimidine Dehydrogenase Deficiency by Using a Novel 2-13C-Uracil Breath Test , 2004, Clinical Cancer Research.

[59]  J. Fraumeni,et al.  Changing patterns in the incidence of esophageal and gastric carcinoma in the United States , 1998, Cancer.

[60]  J. Cooper.  Ajcc Cancer Staging Manual , 1997 .

[61]  A. V. van Kuilenburg,et al.  Detection of β-ureidopropionase deficiency with HPLC–electrospray tandem mass spectrometry and confirmation of the defect at the enzyme level , 2001, Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease.

[62]  C. Punt,et al.  Relationship between Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms and Haplotypes in DPYD and Toxicity and Efficacy of Capecitabine in Advanced Colorectal Cancer , 2011, Clinical Cancer Research.

[63]  A. Valachis,et al.  Translational Medicine and Reliability of Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism Studies: Can We Believe in SNP Reports or Not? , 2011, International journal of medical sciences.

[64]  R. Diasio,et al.  Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency: impact of pharmacogenetics on 5-fluorouracil therapy. , 2004, Clinical advances in hematology & oncology : H&O.

[65]  J. Yokota,et al.  Familial gastric cancer: overview and guidelines for management* , 1999, Journal of medical genetics.

[66]  Joon-Oh Park,et al.  Genetic Polymorphisms Associated with 5-Fluorouracil-Induced Neurotoxicity , 2010, Chemotherapy.

[67]  D. Parkin.  International variation , 2004, Oncogene.

[68]  P. Miron,et al.  Germline E-cadherin mutations in familial lobular breast cancer , 2007, Journal of Medical Genetics.

[69]  A. Axon,et al.  Early gastric cancer in Europe , 1997, Gut.

[70]  D. Huntsman,et al.  Genetic Screening for Familial Gastric Cancer , 2004, Hereditary cancer in clinical practice.

[71]  H. Höfler,et al.  Microsatellite instability and loss of heterozygosity in gastric carcinoma in comparison to family history. , 1998, The American journal of pathology.

[72]  Takuma Sasaki,et al.  Evaluation of immunoreactivity for erbB-2 protein as a marker of poor short term prognosis in gastric cancer. , 1991, Cancer research.

[73]  R. Diasio,et al.  Predicting fluorouracil toxicity: can we finally do it? , 2008, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[74]  Martin R. Johnson,et al.  Importance of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) deficiency in patients exhibiting toxicity following treatment with 5-fluorouracil. , 2001, Advances in enzyme regulation.

[75]  James C Yao,et al.  Characteristics of Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric cancer: A study of 235 cases at a comprehensive cancer center in U.S.A , 2009, Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR.

[76]  K. Cheng,et al.  Classification of adenocarcinoma of the oesophagogastric junction , 1999, The British journal of surgery.

[77]  H. Jung,et al.  Preoperative staging of gastric cancer by endoscopic ultrasonography and multidetector‐row computed tomography , 2010, Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology.