Dynamical systems under random perturbations with fast switching and slow diffusion: Hyperbolic equilibria and stable limit cycles

This work is devoted to the study of long-term qualitative behavior of randomly perturbed dynamical systems. The focus is on certain stochastic differential equations (SDE) with Markovian switching, when the switching is fast varying and the diffusion (white noise) is slowly changing. Consider the system dXε,δ(t)= f (X(t), α(t))dt + √δσ (X(t), α(t))dW(t), Xε,δ(0)= x, αε(0)= i, where αε(t) is a finite state Markov chain with irreducible generator Q = (qι ). The relative changing rates of the switching and the diffusion are highlighted by two small parameters ε and δ. Asso✩ The work of N.H. Du was supported in part by NAFOSTED n0 101.02 2011.21; the work of A. Hening was supported in part by the National Science Foundation under grant DMS-1853463; the work of D. Nguyen was supported in part by the National Science Foundation under grant DMS-1853467; the work of G. Yin was supported in part by the National Science Foundation under grant DMS-2114649. ✩✩ We thank an anonymous referee who read the original version of the manuscript and suggested the study of the more general setting of hyperbolic equilibria, which has significantly improved the paper. * Corresponding author. E-mail addresses: dunh@vnu.edu.vn (N.H. Du), alexandru.hening@tufts.edu (A. Hening), dangnh.maths@gmail.com (D.H. Nguyen), gyin@uconn.edu (G. Yin). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jde.2021.05.032 0022-0396/© 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. N.H. Du, A. Hening, D.H. Nguyen et al. Journal of Differential Equations 293 (2021) 313–358 ciated with the above stochastic differential equation, there is an averaged ordinary differential equation (ODE) dX(t)= f (X(t))dt, X(0)= x, where f (·) = ∑m0 ι=1 f (·, ι)νι and (ν1, . . . , νm0) is the unique stationary distribution of the Markov chain with generator Q. Suppose that for each pair (ε, δ), the process has an invariant probability measure με,δ , and that the averaged ODE has a limit cycle in which there is an averaged occupation measure μ0 for the averaged equation. It is proved in this paper that under weak conditions, if f has finitely many stable or hyperbolic fixed points, then με,δ converges weakly to μ0 as ε → 0 and δ → 0. Our results generalize to the setting where the switching process αε is state-dependent in that P {αε(t + )= |αε = ι,X(s), α(s), s ≤ t} = qι (X(t)) + o( ), ι = as long as the generator Q(·) = (qι (·)) is locally bounded, locally Lipschitz, and irreducible for all x ∈Rd . Finally, we provide two examples in two and three dimensions to showcase our results. © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. MSC: 34C05; 60H10; 92D25