International Marketing and National Character: A Review and Proposal for an Integrative Theory

The author discusses the concept of national character—the idea that the people of each nation have a distinctive, enduring pattern of behavior and/or personality characteristics. He examines the concept in terms of its value and validity for use in international marketing. The development of the study of national character in the anthropological, psychoanalytic, and quantitative schools is surveyed. A marketing-relevant national character concept with applicability to both consumer and strategic decision making is proposed.

[1]  R. E. Christal,et al.  Recurrent personality factors based on trait ratings. , 1992, Journal of personality.

[2]  C. Min Han,et al.  Country Image: Halo or Summary Construct? , 1989 .

[3]  K. Ohmae,et al.  Managing in a borderless world. , 1989, Harvard business review.

[4]  Charles R. Schwenk.  LINKING COGNITIVE, ORGANIZATIONAL AND POLITICAL FACTORS IN EXPLAINING STRATEGIC CHANGE , 1989 .

[5]  E. Hirschman.  The Ideology of Consumption: A Structural-Syntactical Analysis of "Dallas" and "Dynasty." , 1988 .

[6]  I. Vertinsky,et al.  Does Culture Matter? A Cross-Cultural Study of Executives’ Choice, Decisiveness, and Risk Adjustment in International Marketing , 1988 .

[7]  John L. Graham,et al.  Marketing Negotiations in France, Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States , 1988 .

[8]  Russell W. Belk,et al.  A Naturalistic Inquiry into Buyer and Seller Behavior at a Swap Meet , 1988 .

[9]  H. Mahler.  A global strategy. , 1988 .

[10]  Deepak Nayyar.  The political economy of international , 1988 .

[11]  R. Gilpin,et al.  The Political Economy of International Relations , 1987 .

[12]  James W. Lett.  The Human Enterprise: A Critical Introduction To Anthropological Theory , 1987 .

[13]  Decision‐making patterns among international vacationers: A cross‐cultural perspective , 1987 .

[14]  P. Hockings.  Tourism and English National Identity: Corkaguiney and the Nilgiris , 1987 .

[15]  D. Mandelbaum,et al.  Dimensions of social life : essays in honor of David G. Mandelbaum , 1987 .

[16]  D. Peabody,et al.  Selecting representative trait adjectives. , 1987 .

[17]  David Miller,et al.  Chief executive personality and corporate strategy and structure in small firms , 1986 .

[18]  D. Mick,et al.  Consumer Research and Semiotics: Exploring the Morphology of Signs, Symbols, and Significance , 1986 .

[19]  Anil K. Gupta.  Contingency Linkages Between Strategy and General Manager Characteristics: A Conceptual Examination , 1984 .

[20]  D. Hambrick,et al.  Upper Echelons: The Organization as a Reflection of Its Top Managers , 1984 .

[21]  S. Cavusgil,et al.  Consumer Attitudes towards Products of Foreign Origin: Do They Vary Across Product Classes? , 1983 .

[22]  F. Hole.  The Europeans , 1983, Nature.

[23]  M. K. D. Vries,et al.  Top Executive Locus of Control and Its Relationship to Strategy-Making, Structure, and Environment , 1982 .

[24]  Sydney Gregory,et al.  Culture's consequences: international differences in work-related values , 1982 .

[25]  R. Lynn.  National differences in anxiety and extroversion. , 1982, Progress in experimental personality research.

[26]  G. Hofstede,et al.  Culture′s Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values , 1980 .

[27]  Angelo S. DeNisi,et al.  A Multivariate Multinational Comparison of Managerial Attitudes. , 1980 .

[28]  S. Singh.  Relationships among projective and direct verbal measures of achievement motivation. , 1979, Journal of personality assessment.

[29]  R. Green,et al.  A Cross-National Study of Perceived Risk , 1978 .

[30]  G. W. England.  The manager and his values : an international perspective from the United States, Japan, Korea, India, and Australia , 1977 .

[31]  Ronald D. Anderson,et al.  A Factor Analytic Comparison of U.S. and German Information Seekers , 1977 .

[32]  George W. England,et al.  The manager and his values , 1976 .

[33]  R. Green,et al.  A Cross-National Comparison of Consumer Habits and Innovator Characteristics , 1975 .

[34]  S. Sethi,et al.  Theory of cross-cultural buyer-behavior / BEBR No. 115 , 1973 .

[35]  C. Geertz,et al.  The Interpretation of Cultures , 1973 .

[36]  David L. Sparks,et al.  A Multivariate Analysis of Personality and Product Use , 1971 .

[37]  R. Lynn.  National differences in anxiety , 1971 .

[38]  H. Eysenck,et al.  Personality Structure and Measurement , 1968 .

[39]  E. Hall,et al.  The Hidden Dimension , 1970 .

[40]  J. Rotter.  Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. , 1966, Psychological monographs.

[41]  A. J. Taylor.  Rugged Individualism Reconsidered , 1963 .

[42]  F. Strodtbeck,et al.  Variations in value orientations. , 1961 .

[43]  N. Frijda,et al.  National Character and National Stereotypes , 1963 .

[44]  Robert C. Davis,et al.  The Achieving Society , 1962 .

[45]  N. Frijda,et al.  National character and national stereotypes : a trend report prepared for the International Union of Scientific Psychology , 1960 .

[46]  Organizational Contrasts on British and American Ships , 1956 .

[47]  D. Mandelbaum,et al.  On the Study of National Character , 1953 .

[48]  Alfred G. Meyer,et al.  Culture, a critical review of concepts and definitions , 1953 .

[49]  M. Herskovits.  Man and his works : the science of cultural anthropology , 1949 .

[50]  R. Cattell.  The Description and Measurement of Personality , 1947, Mental Health.

[51]  R. Lowie.  The German people , 1945 .

[52]  Cora Alice Du Bois.  The people of Alor , 1944 .

[53]  Mister Geoffrey Gorer.  SECTION OF ANTHROPOLOGY: Themes in Japanese Culture* , 1943 .

[54]  V. Gehring.  National Character , 2003, Nature.

[55]  G. Āllport,et al.  Trait-names: A psycho-lexical study. , 1936 .

[56]  Ruth Benedict,et al.  Patterns of Culture , 2019, Nature.